Fant 9878 publikasjoner. Viser side 394 av 396:
2025
Regulatory practices on the genotoxicity testing of nanomaterials and outlook for the future
Elsevier
2025
A pooled analysis of host factors that affect nucleotide excision repair in humans
Oxford University Press
2025
VKM skal lage oversikt over hvilke krav som bør stilles til konsekvensutredninger ved planlegging av nye vindkraftprosjekter. Det er laget en protokoll som beskriver hvordan VKM vil gå frem for å løse oppdraget.
Bakgrunn for oppdraget
Et vindkraftverk kan forurense omgivelsene både under etablering, drift og avvikling. Dersom området ligger innenfor et vanntilsigsområde for drikkevann, kan det utgjøre en forurensningsfare for drikkevannet.
Mattilsynet er høringsinstans når vindkraftverk skal etableres, og de ønsker en oversikt over hvilke krav som bør stilles til konsekvensutredningene.
Dette er en bestilling fra Mattilsynet, som fører tilsyn med drikkevann.
Om protokollen
VKM har utarbeidet en protokoll for hvordan vi skal løse oppdraget som går på å utarbeide krav til informasjon om, og risikovurdering av farene ved søknad om etablering av vindkraftverk. Protokollen favner bruk av kjemiske stoffer og annen aktuell forurensing som kan utgjøre en risiko for drikkevann gjennom hele vindkraftverkets livsløpssyklus (anlegg, drift, vedlikehold og avvikling)
2025
Little is known about the exposure of aquatic biota to tire and road wear particles (TRWP) washed away from roads. Mussels were exposed for 7 days to model TRWP (m-TRWP), produced by milling tire tread particles with pure sand, and analyzed for 21 tire-related compounds by liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Upon exposure to 0.5 g/L of m-TRWP, 15 compounds were determined from 944 μg/kg wet weight (diphenylguanidine, DPG) over 18 μg/kg for an oxidation product of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPDQ) to 0.6 μg/kg (4-hydroxydiphenyl amine). Transfer into mussels was highest for PTPD, DTPD and 6-PPDQ and orders of magnitude lower for 6-PPD. During 7 days depuration the concentration of all determined chemicals decreased to remaining concentrations between ~50 % (PTPD, DTPD) and 6 % (6-PPD). Suspect and non-target screening found 37 additional transformation products (TPs) of tire additives, many of which did not decrease in concentration during depuration, among them ten likely TPs of DPG, two of 6-PPD and PTPD and two of 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline. A wide variety of chemicals is taken up by mussels upon exposure to m-TRWP and a wide range of TPs is formed, enabling the differentiation of biomarkers of exposure to TRWP and biomarkers of exposure to tire-associated chemicals.
Elsevier
2025
Best Practice Protocol for the validation of Aerosol, Cloud, and Precipitation Profiles (ACPPV)
Committee on Earth Observation Satellites - CEOS
2025
Introduction
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked to effects on human lipid profiles, with several epidemiological studies reporting associations between specific PFAS and blood lipid concentrations. However, these associations have been inconsistent, and most studies have focused on cross-sectional analyses with limited repeated measurements.
Objective
In this study, we investigated associations between serum PFAS concentrations and major blood lipid classes over a 30-year period (1986–2016) and up to five time points. Lipids analyzed included total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG).
Methods
This study included 145 participants from The Tromsø Study, Norway, who donated plasma samples three to five times over the study period. Linear mixed-effects (LME) models assessed longitudinal associations between PFAS and lipid classes, while multiple linear regression (MLR) models were used for cross-sectional associations.
Results
LME models demonstrated positive longitudinal associations between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA), and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) with TC. Additionally, PFOA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, and PFTrDA were associated with LDL-C, and PFUnDA and summed perfluorooctane sulfonate isomers (∑PFOS) with HDL-C. Cross-sectional analyses corroborated positive associations between the six PFAS compounds and TC at least three times, but the LDL-C and HDL-C associations were not confirmed. Summed perfluorooctane sulfonamide isomers (∑PFOSA) showed a negative association with LDL-C longitudinally, but this was not confirmed cross-sectionally. No associations were observed between PFAS and TG, longitudinally or cross-sectionally.
Conclusion
Concentrations of multiple PFAS were positively associated with blood lipids in longitudinal analyses, with the most consistent associations observed between six PFCA compounds and TC. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into these complex associations.
Elsevier
2025
Indian Land Carbon Sink Estimated from Surface and GOSAT Observations
The carbon sink over land plays a key role in the mitigation of climate change by removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Accurately assessing the land sink capacity across regions should contribute to better future climate projections and help guide the mitigation of global emissions towards the Paris Agreement. This study estimates terrestrial CO2 fluxes over India using a high-resolution global inverse model that assimilates surface observations from the global observation network and the Indian subcontinent, airborne sampling from Brazil, and data from the Greenhouse gas Observing SATellite (GOSAT) satellite. The inverse model optimizes terrestrial biosphere fluxes and ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchanges independently, and it obtains CO2 fluxes over large land and ocean regions that are comparable to a multi-model estimate from a previous model intercomparison study. The sensitivity of optimized fluxes to the weights of the GOSAT satellite data and regional surface station data in the inverse calculations is also examined. It was found that the carbon sink over the South Asian region is reduced when the weight of the GOSAT data is reduced along with a stricter data filtering. Over India, our result shows a carbon sink of 0.040 ± 0.133 PgC yr−1 using both GOSAT and global surface data, while the sink increases to 0.147 ± 0.094 PgC yr−1 by adding data from the Indian subcontinent. This demonstrates that surface observations from the Indian subcontinent provide a significant additional constraint on the flux estimates, suggesting an increased sink over the region. Thus, this study highlights the importance of Indian sub-continental measurements in estimating the terrestrial CO2 fluxes over India. Additionally, the findings suggest that obtaining robust estimates solely using the GOSAT satellite data could be challenging since the GOSAT satellite data yield significantly varies over seasons, particularly with increased rain and cloud frequency.
MDPI
2025
Forurensning i Arktis kan være opptil 71 ganger høyere i løpet av sommeren sammenlignet med vinteren
Norges forskningsråd
2025
Havforskningsinstituttet
2025
Genotoxicity assessment is essential for ensuring chemical safety and mitigating risks to human health and the environment. Traditional methods, reliant on animal models, are time-consuming, costly, and raise ethical concerns. New Approach Methods (NAMs) offer innovative, cost-effective, and ethical alternatives, playing a pivotal role in both traditional and next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) by minimizing the need for animal testing, particularly in genotoxicity evaluations. However, the development of NAMs often overlooks the particular physicochemical properties of nanomaterials (NMs), which significantly influence their toxicological behaviour and can interfere with genotoxicity evaluation. This underscores an urgent need for the standardization and adaptation of NAMs to address nano- and advanced material-specific genotoxicity challenges. In this review, we summarize the challenges associated with genotoxicity testing of NMs and highlight the suitability of existing in vitro and in silico NAMs for NMs and advanced materials, enabling genotoxicity testing across various exposure routes and organ systems. Despite considerable progress, regulatory validation remains constrained by the absence of approved test guidelines and standardized protocols. To achieve regulatory acceptance, it is crucial to adapt NAMs to NM-specific exposure scenarios, refine test systems to better mimic human biology, develop tailored in vitro protocols, and ensure thorough characterisation of NMs both in pristine form and dispersed in culture medium. Collaborative efforts among scientists, regulators, industry, and advocacy groups are vital to improving the reliability and regulatory acceptance of NAMs. By addressing these challenges, NAMs have the potential to revolutionize genotoxicity risk assessment, advancing it towards a more sustainable, efficient and ethical framework.
2025
A Nano Risk Governance Portal supporting risk governance of nanomaterials and nano-enabled products
isk governance (RG) of nanomaterials (NMs) has been at the focus of the Horizon 2020 Programme of the European Union, through the funding of three research projects (Gov4Nano, NANORIGO, RISKGONE). The extensive collaboration of the three projects, in various scientific topics, aimed to enhance RG of NMs and provide a solid scientific basis for effective collaboration of the various types of stakeholders involved. In this paper the development of a digital Nano Risk Governance Portal (NRGP) and associated information technology (IT) infrastructure supporting the risk governance of (engineered) nanomaterials and nano-enabled products, is presented, alongside considerations for future work and enhancement within the domain of Advanced Materials (AdMa). This paper describes several elements of this digital portal, which serves as a single-entry point for all stakeholders in need of, or interested in, nano-risk governance aspects. In its simplest form, the NRGP allows users to be efficiently guided towards tailored information about nanomaterials, risk governance concepts, guidance documents, harmonized methods for risk assessment, publicly accessible data, information and knowledge, as well as a directory of tools, to assess the exposure and hazard of nanomaterials and perform Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design (SSbD) assessment in the context of nano-risk governance. This paper presents the technical implementation and the content of the first version of the NRGP alongside the vision for the future and further plans for development, implementation, hosting and maintenance of the NRGP aimed at ensuring its sustainability. This includes a procedure to link to, or include, currently available and future (nano)material-related (cloud) platforms, decision support systems, tools, guidance, and databases in line with good governance objectives.
Elsevier
2025
2025
We assessed the biomass burning (BB) smoke aerosol optical depth (AOD) simulations of 11 global models that participated in the AeroCom phase III BB emission experiment. By comparing multi-model simulations and satellite observations in the vicinity of fires over 13 regions globally, we (1) assess model-simulated BB AOD performance as an indication of smoke source–strength, (2) identify regions where the common emission dataset used by the models might underestimate or overestimate smoke sources, and (3) assess model diversity and identify underlying causes as much as possible. Using satellite-derived AOD snapshots to constrain source strength works best where BB smoke from active sources dominates background non-BB aerosol, such as in boreal forest regions and over South America and southern hemispheric Africa. The comparison is inconclusive where the total AOD is low, as in many agricultural burning areas, and where the background is high, such as parts of India and China. Many inter-model BB AOD differences can be traced to differences in values for the mass ratio of organic aerosol to organic carbon, the BB aerosol mass extinction efficiency, and the aerosol loss rate from each model. The results point to a need for increased numbers of available BB cases for study in some regions and especially to a need for more extensive regional-to-global-scale measurements of aerosol loss rates and of detailed particle microphysical and optical properties; this would both better constrain models and help distinguish BB from other aerosol types in satellite retrievals. More generally, there is the need for additional efforts at constraining aerosol source strength and other model attributes with multi-platform observations.
2025
Målinger av SO2 i omgivelsene til Elkem Carbon. Kalenderår 2024
På oppdrag fra Elkem Carbon AS har NILU utført målinger av SO2 i omgivelsene til Elkem Carbon i Kristiansand. Målingene ble utført med SO2-monitor i boligområdet på Fiskåtangen (Konsul Wilds vei). I tillegg ble SO2 målt med passive prøvetakere ved 3 steder rundt bedriften. Rapporten dekker målinger i perioden 1. januar – 31. desember 2024. Norske grenseverdier for luftkvalitet (SO2) ble overholdt ved Konsul Wilds vei for alle midlingsperioder (årsmiddel, vintermiddel, døgnmiddel og timemiddel). To døgnmiddelverdier var over nedre vurderingsterskel (50 µg/m3). Passive luftprøver viste at Fiskåveien, rett sør for bedriften, var det mest belastede stedet i måleperioden.
NILU
2025