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Crumb rubber toxicity in coastal marine systems

Halsband-Lenk, Claudia; Herzke, Dorte; Sørensen, Lisbet; Booth, Andy

Crumb rubber granulate (CRG) produced from end of life tires (ELTs) is commonly applied on indoor and outdoor synthetic turf pitches (STPs), playgrounds, safety surfaces and walkways. In addition to fillers, stabilizers, cross-linking agents and secondary components (e.g. pigments, oils, resins, fibers), ELTs contain high levels of organic additive compounds and heavy metals. While previous environmental studies have focused on terrestrial soil and freshwater ecosystems, in Norway many sites applying CRG are coastal. In the current study, the organic chemical and metal content of 'fresh' and 'weathered' CRG and their seawater leachates was investigated, and the uptake of crumb rubber by the brown crab (Cancer pagurus) was studied as an example of an exposure route for CRG to coastal marine organisms. A combination of pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) and chemical extraction followed by GC-MS analysis revealed similar organic chemical profiles for pristine and weathered CRG, including additives such as benzothiazole, N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine and a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic compounds (e.g. bisphenols). ICP-MS analysis indicated g/kg quantities of Zn and mg/kg quantities of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Cr, Pb and Ni in the CRG. A mixture of organic additives, metals and other inorganic compounds readily leached from the CRG into seawater. Benzothiazole was the organic compound with highest concentration (average of 136 mg/L), while PAHs (ranging from <LOD to 0.58 mg/L) and phenolic compounds (e.g. 2,4-bisphenol F and 4,4’-bisphenol F at 0.012 and 0.006 mg/L, respectively) were present in low abundance. Zn was the most abundant metal in the leachates (23.8 mg/L) followed by Fe (0.08 mg/L) and Co (0.06 mg/L). While organic chemical concentrations in the leachates stabilized within days, metals continued to leach out over the 30 day period. Brown crabs were exposed to two concentrations of CRG (0.5 and 0.05 g/L) in two size fractions (5 mm and 250 µm diameter) for 24 hours. Ingestion of the rubber and subsequent gut evacuation were studied over 5 days. Image analysis of filtered stomach contents confirmed uptake of rubber particles in different sizes, but also efficient gut evacuation upon transfer to clean water. We discuss the implications of CRG and leachate toxicity in acute and long-term exposure scenarios for marine coastal ecosystems.

2020

Biomagnification of PFAS in the Antarctic breeding south polar skua

Garcia, Laura Andrea Alfaro; Descamps, Sebastien; Herzke, Dorte; Eckbo, Norith; Chastel, O.; Carravieri, Alice; Cherel, Yves; Labadie, P.; Budzinski, H.; Gabrielsen, Geir W.; Bustnes, Jan Ove; Borgå, Katrine

2019

Investigation of cyclic relation between Nyiragongo SO2fluxes and its lava lake height

Brenot, Hugues; Theys, Nicolas; Van Roozendael, Michel; Fayt, Caroline; Gliss, Jonas; Stebel, Kerstin; Smets, Benoit; Barriere, Julien; d'Oreye, Nicolas; Mapendano, Mathieu Yalire; Minani, Abel; Syauswa, Muhindo; Arrellano, Santiago; Kervyn, Francois

2019

Estimation of particulate matter concentration using SEVIRI and model data

Boldeanu, Mihai; Nemuc, Anca; Nicolae, Doina; Nicolae, Victor; Ajtai, Nicolae; Stefanie, Horatiu; Diamandi, Andrei; Dumitrache, Rodica; Stachlewska, Iwona; Zawadzka, Olga; Stebel, Kerstin; Zehner, Claus

2019

Innovative environmental monitoring for Norwegian municipalities using low-cost sensor networks. The iFLINK project.

Castell, Nuria; Dauge, Franck Rene; Grossberndt, Sonja; Høiskar, Britt Ann Kåstad; Lahoz, William A.; Lepioufle, Jean-Marie; Logna, Robert; Schneider, Philipp; Vallejo, Islen; Vogt, Matthias; Bartonova, Alena

2019

Can low-cost air quality sensor platforms help to build healthier cities?

Castell, Nuria; Schneider, Philipp; Vogt, Matthias; Dauge, Franck Rene; Lahoz, William A.; Grossberndt, Sonja; Bartonova, Alena

2019

Processing levels for low-cost air quality sensors

Schneider, Philipp; Bartonova, Alena

2019

Strengthened Linkage between Midlatitudes and Arctic in Boreal Winter

Xu, Xinping; He, Shengping; Gao, Yongqi; Furevik, Tore; Huijun, Wang; Li, Fei; Ogawa, Fumiaki

2019

Global tropospheric OH concentrations in the past four decades inferred from surface network and satellite trace gas observations

Prinn, Ronald G.; Sheng, Jian-Xiong; Harth, Christina M.; Krummel, Paul B.; Lunder, Chris Rene; Muhle, Jens; Odoherty, Simon Joseph; Salameh, Peter K.; Weiss, Ray F.; Young, Dickon; Sheese, Patrick; Walker, Kaley A.

2019

Widespread Arctic lead pollution since 1000 BCE documents ancient and medieval European lead-silver smelting, major historical events, and northern-hemisphere Industrialization

Chellman, Nathan J; McConnell, Joseph R.; Wilson, Andrew; Stohl, Andreas; Arienzo, Monica M; Eckhardt, Sabine; Fritzsche, Diedrich; Kipfstuhl, Sepp; Opel, Thomas; Thompson, Elisabeth; Pollard, Mark; Place Jr, Philip; Steffensen, Jørgen Peder

2019

Satellite-constrained ammonia improves performance of CTMs

Evangeliou, Nikolaos; Balkanski, Yves; Eckhardt, Sabine; Cozic, Anne; Hauglustaine, Didier; Stohl, Andreas

2019

Source Attribution of VOCs in the Canadian Oil Sands using Hierarchical Clustering

Makar, Paul; Liggio, John; Leithead, Amy; Wentzell, Jeremy; Stroud, Craig; Soares, Joana; Akingunola, Ayodeji; Zhang, Junhua; Moran, Michael; Li, Shao-Meng

2019

How Stratospheric Chemistry and Transport Drive Surface Variability of N2O

Ruiz, Daniel J.; Prather, Michael J.; Strahan, Susan E.; Steenrod, Stephen D.; Thompson, Rona Louise; Froidevaux, Lucien

2019

Increased nitrous oxide emissions in East Asia as estimated by bottom-up and top-down approaches

Pan, Naiqing; Xu, Rongting; Pan, Shufen; Thompson, Rona Louise; Canadell, Josep G.; Jackson, Robert B.; Winiwarter, Wilfried; Zhou, Feng

2019

Semidiurnal Tidal Perturbations during SSW in SuperDARN and WACCM-X

Zhang, Jiarong; Limpasuvan, Var; Orsolini, Yvan; Espy, Patrick Joseph; Hibbins, Robert

2019

A new emission inventory of the global maritime fleet; the effect of weather

Muri, Helene; Strømman, Anders Hammer; Ringvold, Anna; Lonka, Radek; Lindstad, Elizabeth; Bouman, Evert

2019

Introducing a Nested Exposure Model for organic contaminants (NEM): Part 1. The physical environment.

Breivik, Knut; Eckhardt, Sabine; Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; MacLeod, M.; Wania, F.

2019

Towards a temporally and spatially resolved Nested Exposure Model for organic contaminants in Arctic ecosystems

Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde; Breivik, Knut; Eckhardt, Sabine; MacLeod, M.; Wania, F.

2019

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