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Drivers and sector disaggregation of projections and trajectories. ETC technical paper.
Member States are required to report on the country’s greenhouse gas emission projections and national integrated climate and energy policies and measures under the Governance Regulation of the Energy Union and Climate Action (EU) 2018/1999 every two years. This data is quality-checked by the ETC CM and subsequently used in several analysis and reports. GHG projections are an important information source to assess if countries are on track to achieve their mitigation targets. In this study, we delve deeper into the reporting to identify the primary drivers of GHG emissions at the most detailed disaggregation level possible. We aim to assess their impact on projections and evaluate the consistency between policies and projections, with the ultimate objective of improving the quality control activities of the ETC CM.
ETC Climate change mitigation
2024
Climate change intensifies multi‑hazard risks that affect ecosystems, societies, and economies. Addressing these interconnected risks requires integrated systems, harmonized data, and cross‑sectoral collaboration. Research infrastructures (RIs) that observe climate‑ and nature‑related processes generate essential data and services for understanding climate risk determinants: hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, yet their potential remains underutilised by financial, banking, and insurance sectors that increasingly face nature‑dependent risks.IRISCC (Integrated Research Infrastructure Services for Climate Change Risks; www.iriscc.eu) unites leading European Research Infrastructures (Ris) to provide open, standardized climate‑risk data, tools, and services through transnational and virtual access. With nearly 80 partners across natural and social sciences, IRISCC strengthens the scientific foundations for integrated climate‑risk assessment and supports the translation of RI data and tools into risk‑management landscapeWe conducted a stakeholder analysis to map the current and emerging climate‑risk service landscape and to assess how IRISCC services connect with academic, industry and decision making sectors. Survey data from IRISCC partners combined with a preliminary mapping of climate‑risk service providers, show that while strong links exist with EU‑level organizations, direct engagement with financial, banking, and insurance sectors is still very limited. This gap is critical: recent assessments by the European Central Bank indicate that around 72% of European companies depend heavily on at least one ecosystem service, underscoring the financial sector’s exposure to nature degradation (Elderson F.2023, Network for Greening the Financial System NGFS, 2022)Our findings highlight significant opportunities to embed scientific communities more efficiently, to enhance RI usage, harmonized datasets, and analytical tools into multi‑hazard climate‑risk services. Strengthening these connections can support more robust risk detection, prevention, and early‑warning capabilities, particularly for nature‑dependent industries.This presentation outlines the key findings from stakeholder analysis, identifies gaps in the current service landscape related to climate risks, and open the potential of IRISCC’s services to contribute to the needs of financial and insurance sectors. By fostering new collaborations and co‑created solutions, IRISCC aims to advance a more holistic, interoperable, and science‑based climate‑risk ecosystem in Europe.IRISCC is funded by the European Union (project number 101131261). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. Elderson F. The economy and banks need nature to survive. European Central Bank. Published June 8, 2023. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/blog/date/2023/html/ecb.blog230608~5cffb7c349.en.htmlNetwork for Greening the Financial System (NGFS). Nature‑related risks. Published 2022. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.ngfs.net/en/what-we-do/nature-related-risks
2026
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Climatic feedbacks and ecosystem impacts related to dust in the Arctic include direct radiative forcing (absorption and scattering), indirect radiative forcing (via clouds and cryosphere), semi-direct effects of dust on meteorological parameters, effects on atmospheric chemistry, as well as impacts on terrestrial, marine, freshwater, and cryospheric ecosystems. This review discusses our recent understanding on dust emissions and their long-range transport routes, deposition, and ecosystem effects in the Arctic. Furthermore, it demonstrates feedback mechanisms and interactions between climate change, atmospheric dust, and Arctic ecosystems.
2025
Dust in the Arctic: feedbacks and interactions between climate change, aeolian dust and ecosystems
Dust in the Arctic is an emerging topic related to climate and environmental impacts. The United Nations (UN) General Assembles and the UN Coalition to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) have reiterated that the global frequency, intensity, and duration of Sand and Dust Storms (SDS) have increased in the last decade and that SDS have natural and human causes that can be exacerbated by desertification, land degradation, drought, biodiversity loss, and climate change. UNCCD and FAO have also highlighted that emerging SDS source areas have been associated with the warming of the Arctic and high latitude regions, the seasonal or permanent drying of inland waters and river deltas, or are following large-scale deforestation and wildfires, or even the ploughing of a single field. Loss of snow cover, retreat of glaciers, and increase in drought intensity due to climate change can lead to surface conditions that increase the likelihood of creation, continuation and expansion of SDS source areas.Climatic feedback mechanisms and ecosystem impacts related to dust in the Arctic include direct radiative forcing (absorption and scattering), indirect radiative forcing (via clouds and cryosphere), semi-direct effects of dust on meteorological parameters, effects on atmospheric chemistry, as well as impacts on terrestrial, marine, freshwater, and cryosphere ecosystems. Here we give an overview of our recent understanding on dust emissions and their long-range transport routes, deposition, and ecosystem effects in the Arctic as presented in Meinander et al. (2025), part of the series of review papers of the Arctic Council Working Group AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program) and CAFF (Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna), where the target audience is the scientific community focusing on the Arctic. Additional audiences include policy advisers and other staff in environmental-related ministries.We conclude that the multiple mechanisms related to dust emissions, transport and deposition both cool and warm the climate system, with an uncertain net effect. Dust plays a significant role in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, e.g., by providing nutrients, and with impacts on the availability of light and water. Due to Arctic warming, HLD dust emissions can be expected to increase. The contributions of LLD and HLD complicates the interpretation of how much different sources contribute to the dust loadings and corresponding temporal and spatial deposition patterns. Another challenge is that low latitude dust source emissions of road and agricultural dust is barely characterized.Reference:Meinander O, Uppstu A, Dagsson-Waldhauserova P, Groot Zwaaftink C, Juncher Jørgensen C, Baklanov A, Kristensson A, Massling A and Sofiev M (2025). Dust in the arctic: a brief review of feedbacks and interactions between climate change, aeolian dust and ecosystems. Front. Environ. Sci. Sec. Interdisciplinary Climate Studies, Volume 13 – 2025. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2025.1536395. CAFF-special issue.
2026