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This report details the methodology and assumptions for the ETC/CME report: A life cycle perspective on the benefits of renewable electricity generation. In that report, gross avoided potential environmental impacts are estimated for electricity production in the EU-27 in the period 2005-2018. Avoided potential impacts are calculated by comparing the actual data with a counterfactual scenario where electricity production from Renewable Energy Sources is frozen at 2005 levels.
The overall methodological approach to the study is described in this report together with a short mathematical treatment of the calculation of life cycle indicators and subsequent scaling up to produce the two scenarios required to estimate gross avoided potential impacts. A short overview of data sources used in the study is included as well as a discussion and recommendations for the future.
ETC/CME
2020
På oppdrag fra Alcoa Norway AS dept. Mosjøen har NILU utført målinger i omgivelses-luft rundt smelteverket i Mosjøen. Målingene ble utført med aktiv prøvetaking (fluor, SO2, metaller, PAH, PM10) og passiv prøvetaking (SO2, støvnedfall). Måleprosjektet ble utført i perioden 22. mai – 19. august 2024. Alle målte komponenter var godt under de individuelle grenseverdier, målsettingsverdier og luftkvalitetskriterier i måleperioden. Siden Mosjøen er mest utsatt for utslipp fra aluminiumsverket i sommermånedene, pga. hovedvindretning fra fjorden, over smelteverket mot byen, blir måleresultatene et øvre anslag for bidraget fra smelteverket til konsentrasjonene i Mosjøen over hele året.
NILU
2025
2021
Environmental Contaminants in an Urban Fjord, 2018
This programme, “Environmental Contaminants in an Urban Fjord” has covered sampling and analyses of sediment and organisms in a marine food web of the Inner Oslofjord, in addition to samples of blood and eggs from herring gull and eider duck. The programme also included inputs of pollutants via surface water (storm water), and effluent water and sludge from a sewage treatment plant. The bioaccumulation potential of the contaminants in the Oslo fjord food web was evaluated. The exposure to/accumulation of the contaminants was also assessed in birds. A vast number of chemical parameters have been quantified, in addition to some biological effect parameters in cod, and the report serves as valuable documentation of the concentrations of these chemicals in different compartments of the Inner Oslofjord marine ecosystem.
Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA)
2019
Kartlegging av lokal luftkvalitet i Hønefoss. Målinger 2018-2019.
NILU - Norsk institutt for luftforskning har på oppdrag fra Ringerike kommune gjennomført kartlegging av lokal luftkvalitet i Hønefoss. Måleprogrammet startet juni 2018 og ble avsluttet i mai 2019. Målingene ble gjennomført for å framskaffe kunnskapsgrunnlag for ny byplan i Hønefoss.
Måleprogrammet inneholdt måling av svevestøv og nitrogendioksid samt meteorologiske parametre som temperatur, trykk, relativ fuktighet og vind.
Årsmiddelkonsentrasjonen av PM2,5 lå under øvre, men over nedre vurderingsterskel. Årsmiddelverdiene av NO2 og PM10 lå ikke over nedre vurderingsterskel. Døgnmiddelverdier av PM10 og timemiddelkonsentrasjon av NO2 lå under øvre, men over nedre vurderingsterskel.
NILU
2019
This report presents the results from a screening study of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the Quintero-Puchuncaví
region (Chile). Two different methods were selected, one quantitative (canisters samplers / analysis by Medusa/GC-MS) and a second semi-quantitative (Tenax TA/analysis by GC-MS). NILU evaluated the results of 4 compounds (methyl chloroform,
nitrobenzene, iso-butane and toluene), which were previously reported at very high concentrations and intensively
discussed in the media. NILU’s measurement results show much lower concentrations and it was concluded that the former
measurements were done with a significant error in the calibration. The average concentration of ambient benzene was 1.0 µg/m3 at industrial areas and 0.3 µg/m3 at the residential/background areas, both lower than international limit values. The main compounds emitted from the industrial areas are light hydrocarbons, which were detected at low concentration levels.
NILU
2019
Målinger av PM10 i Lohavn. April og mai 2020.
NILU – Norsk institutt for luftforskning har på oppdrag fra HAV Eiendom utført målinger av svevestøv (PM10) i Lohavn i Oslo. Området skal utvikles til et nytt byområde med boliger, skole, utearealer og næring. PM-konsentrasjonen ble målt på tre steder i Lohavn for å kartlegge svevestøvkonsentrasjonen og mulige kilder. Måleprosjektet pågikk våren 2020. Mulige effekter av Covid-nedstengning, variasjoner i trafikkmengden i området og variasjoner av meteorologiske parametere på PM-konsentrasjonen er diskutert.
Måleresultatene viser lavere PM-konsentrasjon enn i måleperioden 2016/17. Årsaken var trolig bortfall av midlertidige kilder som førte til periodevis høye konsentrasjoner i 2016/17. De høyeste PM10-konsentrasjonene ble observert ved vind fra sør-sørvest (som dominerer på dagtid).
NILU
2021
Air quality in Europe - 2020 report
The Air quality in Europe report provides an annual assessment of the status and impacts of air quality and recent air quality trends. The report supports policy development and implementation in the field of air quality at both European and national levels.
European Environment Agency
2020
Environmental pollutants in the terrestrial and urban environment 2023
Samples from the urban terrestrial environment in the Oslo area were analysed for metals and a large number of organic environmental pollutants. The selected samples that were analysed were soil, earthworm, fieldfare egg, brown rat liver, roe deer liver, vegetation, honeybee, and Spanish slug. Biomagnification potential was estimated based on detected data for relevant predator-prey pairs.
NILU
2024
Monitoring of the atmospheric ozone layer and natural ultraviolet radiation. Annual Report 2023
This report summarizes the results from the Norwegian monitoring programme on stratospheric ozone and UV radiation measurements. The ozone layer has been measured at three locations since 1979: In Oslo/Kjeller, Tromsø/Andøya and Ny-Ålesund. The UV measurements started in 1995. The results show that there was a significant decrease in stratospheric ozone above Norway between 1979 and 1997. After that, the ozone layer stabilized at a level ~2% below pre-1980 level. The year 2023 was characterized by low ozone values in winter, high spring values, and annual average total ozone values slightly below the long-term mean.
NILU
2024
Analyses of selected organic contaminants and metals in drinking bottles. Technical report.
On behalf of Norwegian Consumer Council NILU has conducted analyses of organic contaminants and metals in the leachate from selected drinking bottles. The simulation of the leakage is conducted based on a compilation of the methods described within NS-EN-1186-9 and NS-EN-13130-1. The instrumental analytical methods used were already established at NILU and NIVA. A number of different organic contaminants and metals have been found in trace amounts in the different products.
NILU
2018
Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - East (MSC-E)
2018
The EmSite model for high resolution emissions from machinery in construction sites
The report describes the EmSite model developed to estimate exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from non-road mobile
machinery (NRMM) used in building and construction. The model is based on a complete national database of the exact
location of construction and building activity, machine registries and variables that affect emissions (ground conditions, meteorology, type of ground material). EmSite model allows us to determine, i) the location, area and time of construction projects at fine resolution; ii) energy demand for NRMM; and iii) fuel consumption, air pollutants and GHGs emissions. For exhaust emissions, specific dynamic emission factors for NRMMs were developed. For non-exhaust emissions, an approach based on the Tier 1 (EMEP/EEA Guidebook, 2019) was chosen. EmSite allows for bottom-up estimates for NRMM employed in construction, and the results are comparable with official air pollutant and GHGs emissions.
NILU
2022
Air Quality in Ny-Ålesund. Monitoring of Local Air Quality 2018.
The concentrations of the measured components are generally low and below national limit values for the protection of
human health and critical levels for the protection of vegetation.
Wind from northern sectors gave the highest average concentrations of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide, which
indicates the power station and the harbour as possible sources. The measurement results for CO2 show an annual variation with higher concentrations in the winter and lower in summer. Measured concentrations of CO were most likely caused by local snowmobile traffic.
NILU
2019
NILU and Hydro Aluminium performed a test campaign for measurements of CF4 and C2F6 for stack emissions at Husnes
Aluminium Smelter. Time-integrated samples were taken with evacuated canisters combined with low-flow restrictors for
continuous sampling periods as long as 6 weeks. The samples were analyzed at NILU with a Medusa preconcentration
method combined with GC-MS SIM. As a main conclusion, time integrated sampling together with Medusa GC-MS
methodology is a very precise alternative to the traditional attempts to quantify PFC-emission.
NILU
2022
The aim of this pilot-study was to use silicone rubber-based passive samplers to measure novel brominated flame retardants (nBFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DP) in seawater and air around Longyearbyen as well as investigate the presence of those compounds in sediment and biota (amphipods, Gammarus spp.) nearby Longyearbyen. Passive samplers require no electricity and provide an integrated picture of the levels of the targeted compounds over time. The results were combined with the sampled sediment and Gammarus spp. to assess concentrations in the environment. Out of all substances under study, PBDE-47 and -99, α- and β- tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (TBECH), syn- and anti-DP were detected in all investigated matrices. Freely dissolved water concentrations of ΣDPs (3 pg/L) were in line with recent Arctic studies, while ΣPBDEs (3 pg/L) were comparable to urban rivers in southern Norway. Nevertheless, for some compounds, especially the lighter and most volatile ones, long-range transport is most likely a more important contribution to observed levels than local sources. For other compounds, e.g. PBDEs, local sources might still play a role for the load of contaminants into the surrounding environment. The present study is the first to report a suit of nBFRs and DPs in Arctic benthic fauna. Many of the nBFRs and DPs were detected in sediment and in the amphipods. We recommend further studies with respect to measurements of concentrations over time, and in other species as well, to better understand whether the nBFRs and DPs are common in the marine environment on Svalbard. We recommend that local sources of flame retardants in remote areas receive more attention in the future.
Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA)
2018
In this report, we investigate the relative expanded uncertainty (REU) formula for comparing low-cost sensors (microsensors) and reference measurements. The purpose of the REU formula is to check if microsensor measurements follow the data quality objective (DQO) of the European Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC to be considered equivalent to a reference instrument. The project aimed to obtain a good understanding of the REU formula for its proper use in current and future projects involving microsensors.
NILU
2020
Air quality in 7 Norwegian municipalities in 2015. Summary report for NBV results.
This report documents the methodology used to compile air quality information for the year 2015 in seven Norwegian municipality areas under the first phase of development of the Norwegian Air Quality Planning Tool, also called “Nasjonalt Beregningsverktøy” or NBV. It follows a similar structure to and complements the final report entitled “Air quality in 7 Norwegian municipalities in 2015 – Summary report for NBV results” (NILU rapport 21/2017) where information on air quality in the seven main city areas in Norway was presented.
This report constitutes a user guide for the NBV-services, available at http://www.luftkalitet-nbv.no, in municipal areas. It provides recommendations on how to best use each product for air quality planning purposes and explains the main strengths and limitations of the results. The NBV air quality data for municipalities is subject to larger uncertainties than the data available for the main Norwegian city areas and this has to be taken into consideration when analyzing the results.
NILU
2018
Transboundary particulate matter, photo-oxidants, acidifying and eutrophying components
Norwegian Meteorological Institute
2023