Publikasjonsdetaljer
Tidsskrift: Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 1427, 346369, 17. oktober 2026
Doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2026.346369
Arkiv: hdl.handle.net/11250/5588475
Arkiv: nva.sikt.no/registration/01a1534d05fe-968b9e82-7aa7-4559-b90b-a31cbc394520
Sammendrag:
Background
Tire wear particles release additives and transformation products into the environment. Among these, p-phenylenediamines (PPDs) and their quinone transformation products (PPD-Qs), including 6PPD-Q, have attracted increasing attention. However, data on tire wear contaminants (TWCs) in Central and Eastern Europe remain limited, and their hydrolytic stability is poorly characterized. This study investigated the hydrolytic stability of 16 TWCs, optimized sample pre-treatment, and assessed their occurrence and preliminary ecological risks in water and soil samples from northern Poland.
Results
Under OECD Test Guideline 111 conditions, parent PPDs generally showed lower hydrolytic stability than PPD-Qs. Ten TWCs were detected in soils, with benzothiazole (BTH) reaching 387 ng/g, whereas all target analytes were detected in water, with 6PPD-Q occurring at 1.85–297 ng/L and BTH at up to 326 ng/L. Moreover, PPD-Qs predominated over parent PPDs in water, whereas the opposite pattern occurred in soils. Additionally, sites subject to greater traffic influence generally showed more complex TWC profiles. A preliminary environmental risk assessment based on measured concentrations indicated that 6PPD-Q posed high ecological risks at all water sites.
Significance
This study provides the first dataset on TWC occurrence in surface waters and soils in Poland. The findings demonstrate the environmental relevance of PPD transformation products and support their inclusion alongside parent tire additives in environmental monitoring and risk assessment. The observed ecological risk associated with 6PPD-Q further highlights the need for continued monitoring of tire-derived contaminants in Polish aquatic environments.