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2020
The 1783–1784 Laki eruption provides a natural experiment to evaluate the performance of chemistry-transport models in predicting the health impact of air particulate pollution. There are few existing daily meteorological observations during the second part of the 18th century. Hence, creating reasonable climatological conditions for such events constitutes a major challenge. We reconstructed meteorological fields for the period 1783–1784 based on a technique of analogues described in the Methods. Using these fields and including detailed chemistry we describe the concentrations of sulphur (SO2/SO4) that prevail over the North Atlantic, the adjoining seas and Western Europe during these 2 years. To evaluate the model, we analyse these results through the prism of two datasets contemporary to the Laki period: • The date of the first appearance of ‘dry fogs’ over Europe, • The excess mortality recorded in French parishes over the period June–September 1783. The sequence of appearances of the dry fogs is reproduced with a very-high degree of agreement to the first dataset. High concentrations of SO2/SO4 are simulated in June 1783 that coincide with a rapid rise of the number of deceased in French parishes records. We show that only a small part of the deceased of the summer of 1783 can be explained by the present-day relationships between PM2.5 and relative risk. The implication of this result is that other external factors such as the particularly warm summer of 1783, and the lack of health care at the time, must have contributed to the sharp increase in mortality over France recorded from June to September 1783.
2018
Moseundersøkelse i Norge 2010. NILU OR
På oppdrag av Klima- og forurensningsdirektoratet (Klif) er prøver av etasjemose innsamlet i 2010 på 20 lokaliteter spredt over det norske fastlandet analysert for utvalgte komponenter av PCB, DDT, HCH, PAH, bromerte flammehemmere og perfluorerte forbindelser. Formålet med undersøkelsen er i første rekke en vurdering av terrestrisk mose som et egnet prøvemedium ved framtidig overvåking av disse forbindelsene. Denne rapporten presenterer analyseresultater samt en foreløpig vurdering av dataene.
2012
2005
2021
2015
2020
2017
Multi-Scale Soil Salinization Dynamics From Global to Pore Scale: A Review
Soil salinization refers to the accumulation of water-soluble salts in the upper part of the soil profile. Excessive levels of soil salinity affects crop production, soil health, and ecosystem functioning. This phenomenon threatens agriculture, food security, soil stability, and fertility leading to land degradation and loss of essential soil ecosystem services that are fundamental to sustaining life. In this review, we synthesize recent advances in soil salinization at various spatial and temporal scales, ranging from global to core, pore, and molecular scales, offering new insights and presenting our perspective on potential future research directions to address key challenges and open questions related to soil salinization. Globally, we identify significant challenges in understanding soil salinity, which are (a) the considerable uncertainty in estimating the total area of salt-affected soils, (b) geographical bias in ground-based measurements of soil salinity, and (c) lack of information and data detailing secondary salinization processes, both in dry- and wetlands, particularly concerning responses to climate change. At the core scale, the impact of salt precipitation with evolving porous structure on the evaporative fluxes from porous media is not fully understood. This knowledge is crucial for accurately predicting soil water loss due to evaporation. Additionally, the effects of transport properties of porous media, such as mixed wettability conditions, on the saline water evaporation and the resulting salt precipitation patterns remain unclear. Furthermore, effective continuum equations must be developed to accurately represent experimental data and pore-scale numerical simulations.
American Geophysical Union (AGU)
2024
2014
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2023
2020
2005
Denne rapporten oppsummerer resultater fra et forskningsprosjekt finansiert av Norges Forskningsråd (196191/S30). Det overordnede målet var å forbedre forståelsen av sammenhenger mellom utslipp og eksponering av nye organiske miljøgifter i Norden gjennom studier som kombinerer målinger av nivåer i miljøet med modellering. Det ble fokusert på fire enkelttilfeller (i) sykliske flyktige metylsiloksaner i Oslofjorden, (ii) sykliske flyktige metylsiloksaner på Svalbard (iii) kortkjedede klorparaffiner i nordisk miljø og (iv) risikobasert screening av kommersielle kjemikalier i Norden. Vi introduserer også de viktigste multimedia modelleringsverktøyene som ble brukt i prosjektet. Vi håper at disse verktøyene, som er rettet mot miljøskjebnen til organiske kjemikalier under relevante miljø- og klimabetingelser, kan være til hjelp for miljømyndigheter i Norden som ønsker å forstå og forvalte organiske miljøgifter.
2014