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Spatial variability and temporal changes of POPs in European background air
Concentration data on POPs in air is necessary to assess the effectiveness of international regulations aiming to reduce the emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) into the environment. POPs in European background air are continuously monitored using active- and passive air sampling techniques at a limited number of atmospheric monitoring stations. As a result of the low spatial resolution of such continuous monitoring, there is limited understanding of the main sources controlling the atmospheric burdens of POPs across Europe. The key objectives of this study were to measure the spatial and temporal variability of concentrations of POPs in background air with a high spatial resolution (n = 101) across 33 countries within Europe, and to use observations and models in concert to assess if the measured concentrations are mainly governed by secondary emissions or continuing primary emissions. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was not only the POP detected in highest concentrations (median: 67 pg/m3), but also the only POP that had significantly increased over the last decade. HCB was also the only POP that was positively correlated to latitude. For the other targeted POPs, the highest concentrations were observed in the southern part of Europe, and a declining temporal trend was observed. Spatial differences in temporal changes were observed. For example, γ-HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) had the largest decrease in the south of Europe, while α-HCH had declined the most in central-east Europe. High occurrence of degradation products of the organochlorine pesticides and isomeric ratios indicated past usage. Model predictions of PCB-153 (2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexachlorobiphenyl) by the Global EMEP Multi-media Modelling System suggest that secondary emissions are more important than primary emissions in controlling atmospheric burdens, and that the relative importance of primary emissions are more influential in southern Europe compared to northern Europe. Our study highlights the major advantages of combining high spatial resolution observations with mechanistic modelling approaches to provide insights on the relative importance of primary- and secondary emission sources in Europe. Such knowledge is considered vital for policy makers aiming to assess the potential for further emission reduction strategies of legacy POPs.
Elsevier
2023
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Spesifikasjoner for sensorsystemer til måling av luftkvalitet. Anbefalinger ved anskaffelse.
This report explains technical terms related to measuring performances, as well as providing recommendations and requirements in connection with preparation of tenders. The report goes through existing instrumentation for air quality measurement in Norway and current legislation on the subject. It mentions possible applications for new measurement technologies. An overview of metrological terms with explanations gives the reader basic knowledge necessary to interpret instrument specifications. The report identifies some important parameters related to the quality of sensor systems.
NILU
2018
2005
Spredning av lukt fra Denofa-Lilleborgs fabrikker på Øra, Fredrikstad. NILU OR
Luktstyrkemålinger utført av SINTEF og spredningsberegninger utført av NILU for Soyafabrikken på Øra, Fredrikstad, viser at størst luktbelastning i omgivelsene skyldes utslipp ved Soyafabrikken.Samlet maksimalbelastning kan være 0,8-1,2 luktekvivalenter pr. m3 som timemiddelverdi. Denne forekommer ca. 100 m fra Soyafabrikken. Beregningeresultatene tyder på at lukt fortsatt kan registreres noen hundre meter fra fabrikken.
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