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The health risk related to exposure to air pollution (fine particulate matter - PM2.5, ozone - O3, and nitrogen dioxide - NO2) in 2019 was estimated in terms of number of premature deaths and years of life lost related to exposure to for 41 European countries, including the 27 EU Member States. In 2019, air pollution continued to drive a significant burden of premature death and disease in the 41 countries reporting to EEA: 373,000 premature deaths were attributed to chronic exposure to PM2.5; 47,700 premature deaths were attributed to chronic NO2 exposure; 19,070 premature deaths were attributed to acute O3 exposure. The analysis on the EU’s progress to reach the 2030 target established in the Zero Pollution Action Plan shows a steady decrease in the number of premature deaths along the years, and if it continues to fall at a comparable rate in the future, then the target would be achieved by 2032. Had the new WHO air quality guideline level for PM2.5 of 5 µg/m3 been attained already in 2019 everywhere in Europe, the number of estimated premature deaths would have been at least 58 % lower. On the other hand, the attainment of the EU limit value for PM2.5 of 25 µg/m3 would have left the estimated number of premature deaths unchanged in EU-27.
ETC/ATNI
2021
On behalf of Aluminiumindustriens Miljøsekretariat (AMS), NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research has conducted a sampling campaign in the surroundings of the Hydro Sunndal aluminium smelter in order to update the knowledge on air quality around the smelter today. Samples were taken in summer 2019 and analysed for PM2.5, PM10, metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Al, V, Ga, Sb, Bi), particle-bound PAHs, SO2, particle-bound and gaseous fluorides. As a consequence of reduced emissions compared to earlier measurements, the ambient concentrations of PM10, Cr, Pb, BaP (for PAHs), SO2 and fluorides were strongly reduced. All measured compounds had concentrations below limit values and recommended
guideline values.
NILU
2021
Spredningsberegninger av luftforurensning fra Årdal Metallverk
Rapporten presenterer oppdaterte spredningsberegninger for utslipp til luft fra Årdal Metallverk i Øvre Årdal. Utslippene er hentet fra utslippstillatelsen som en vurdering av «worst-case». Det er beregnet bakkekonsentrasjoner for SO2, støv og fluorider, samt metallkomponentene i utslippstillatelsen. Beregningene, som er basert på en konservativ metodikk, viser potensielt overskridelse av målsetningsverdier for nikkel og arsen i nærområdet til anlegget ved nivåene i utslippstillatelsen. Beregningene gir også fare for overskridelse for støv, men vurderingen er usikker fordi verken andelen PM2,5 og PM10 i utslippet eller bidraget fra øvrige kilder er kjent.
NILU
2021
NILU – Norsk institutt for luftforskning og Ingenia AS har på oppdrag fra Statens vegvesen kartlagt effekten ventilasjonstårnene i Ekeberg- og Bjørvikatunnelen har med hensyn til å redusere luftforurensning fra dagsonen på Sørenga. Prosjektet besto av et omfangsrikt måleprogram i og rundt Operatunnelen i Bjørvika, en vurdering av ventilasjonstårnenes effekt basert på målingene og forslag til prinsipper for et nytt styringsregime.
Drift av ventilasjonstårnene ble funnet å ha en tydelig effekt på PM10- og NO2-konsentrasjonen i dagsonen og på bakkenivå utenfor dagsonen fra trinn 3 (av 4). Forslaget til nytt styringsregime fokuserer på ventilasjonstårndrift i piggdekksesongen og avhengighet av ytre forhold.
NILU
2021
2021
Air Quality in Ny-Ålesund. Monitoring of Local Air Quality 2019 and 2020.
The concentrations of the measured components are generally low and below national limit values for the protection of
human health and critical levels for the protection of vegetation. Wind from northern sectors gave the highest average concentrations of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide, which indicates the power station and the harbour as possible sources. We also see single episodes of long-range transport of sulfur dioxide.
NILU
2021
Environmental Contaminants in an Urban Fjord, 2020
This programme, “Environmental Contaminants in an Urban Fjord” has covered sampling and analyses of sediment and organisms in a marine food web of the Inner Oslofjord, in addition to samples of blood and eggs from herring gull. The programme also included inputs of pollutants via surface water (stormwater), and effluent water and sludge from a wastewater treatment plant. The bioaccumulation potential of the contaminants in the Oslo fjord food web was evaluated. The exposure to/accumulation of the contaminants was also assessed in birds. A vast number of chemical parameters have been quantified, in addition to some biological effect parameters in cod, and the report serves as a status description of the concentrations of these chemicals in different compartments of the Inner Oslofjord marine ecosystem.
Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA)
2021
Quality assurance and quality control procedure for national and Union GHG projections 2021
The quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedure is an element of the QA/QC programme of the Union system for policies and measures and projections to be established in 2021 according to Article 39 of the Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action (EU) 2018/1999. The European Environment Agency (EEA) is responsible for the annual implementation of the QA/QC procedures and is assisted by the European Topic Centre on Climate Change Mitigation and Energy (ETC/CME). The QA/QC procedure document describes QA/QC checks carried out at EU level on the national reported projections from Member States and on the compiled Union GHG projections. QA/QC procedures are performed at several different stages during the preparation of the national and Union GHG projections in order to aim to ensure the timeliness, transparency, accuracy, consistency, comparability and completeness of the reported information. The results of the 2021 QA/QC procedure are presented in the related paper ETC/CME Eionet Report 8/2021.
ETC/CME
2021
This report provides a summary of the quality analysis of the EU Member States’ submission under 18 (1) (b) of the Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action (EU) 2018/1999 conducted in 2021. Under this obligation EU Member States have to submit updated GHG projections and related information biennially. The reported information undergoes several phases of QA/QC checks consisting of checks on timeliness, accuracy, completeness, consistency and comparability. Details on the underlying QA/QC procedure are described in ETC/CME Eionet Report 7/2021.
ETC/CME
2021
Fluorinated polymers in a low carbon, circular and toxic-free economy. Technical report.
Fluorinated polymers are used in a variety of applications providing benefits to the society, but at the same time also causing risks of irreversible pollution and impacts on the environment and human health in different stages of the lifecycle. The main aim of the study was to provide information on impacts of fluorinated polymers along their lifecycles in a low carbon, circular and toxic-free economy, which could be relevant to consider in future assessments. An important part of the work was also to discuss options for risk governance and to identify knowledge gaps. The work was based on a literature survey of recently published reports and selected peer-reviewed articles on the topic.
The report presents the results of the work carried out by the ETC/WMGE and ETC/CME.
ETC/WMGE
2021
Skogens helsetilstand i Norge. Resultater fra skogskadeovervåkingen i 2020.
Skogens helsetilstand påvirkes i stor grad av klima og værforhold, enten direkte ved tørke, frost og vind, eller indirekte ved at klimaet påvirker omfanget av soppsykdommer og insektangrep. Klimaendringene og den forventede økningen i klimarelaterte skogskader gir store utfordringer for forvaltningen av framtidas skogressurser. Det samme gjør invaderende skadegjørere, både allerede etablerte arter og nye som kan komme til Norge i nær framtid. I denne rapporten presenteres resultater fra skogskadeovervåkingen i Norge i 2020 og trender over tid.
I den landsrepresentative skogovervåkingen har kronetettheten hos gran og furu holdt seg stabil i 2020 sammenlignet med tidligere år. Det ble registrert lite misfarging hos bartrærne.
Skadenivået hos både bartrær, bjørk og andre løvtrær var lavere enn i 2019. Abiotiske faktorer med snø, vind og tørke som de viktigste årsakene dominerte skadebildet hos alle treslag.
Kjemiske analyser av luft og nedbør i den intensive skogovervåkingen viser at det fortsatt er høyest verdier av antropogene svovel- og nitrogenforbindelser på den sørligste overvåkingsflata i Birkenes grunnet langtransportert forurensing. Den høyeste konsentrasjonen av nitrogendioksid i luft ble målt på stasjonen i Hurdal i 2020, noe som skyldes utslipp fra veitrafikken i regionen. Det var lave nivåer av bakkenært ozon i Norge i 2020 og ingen overskridelser av UNECEs grenseverdi på 5000 ppb-timer for skog. Vegetasjonsanalysene fra Hurdal har påvist en endring i bunn-vegetasjonens artssammensetning grunnet økt lystilgang og mye barnålstrø. Både hogst utenfor overvåkingsflata og flere skrantende, råteangrepne og døde grantrær i flata har bidratt til økt lystilgang og til større strømengde på bakken. Mange grantrær på flata i Hurdal er sterkt preget av råte med lav kronetetthet og mye misfarging. Flere trær på flata har dødd de seinere årene som følge av råteskader, ofte i kombinasjon med andre faktorer som vindfelling og skader etter tørken i 2018 med påfølgende barkbilleangrep.
Overvåking av bjørkemålere har vist at fjellbjørkeskogen både i Nord-Norge og fjellregionene i sørlige halvdel av landet har vært utsatt for betydelige utbrudd av bjørkemålere i løpet av perioden 2012–2018. Overvåkingsdata fra 2019 og 2020 tyder imidlertid på at målerbestandene nå er lave eller i sterk tilbakegang i det meste av landet. I Troms har målerbestandene allerede nådd et bunnpunkt, og bestandene er nedadgående også i fjellet i Sør-Norge. Vi forventer derfor at skogen i mesteparten av Norge vil bli mindre utsatt for angrep av bjørkemålere de neste par årene.
De fleste fylkene hadde en økning i fangstverdiene i barkbilleovervåkingen i 2020-sesongen. Alle fangstverdiene var imidlertid under 10 000 biller per felle, mens de høyeste verdiene ved slutten av utbruddet på 1970-tallet var rundt 25 000 biller per felle. Fylkene rundt Oslofjorden hadde noen lokale tilfeller av tørke- og barkbilleskader. Det ble ikke funnet noen tydelig økning av fellefangstene i tiden for en annen generasjon, men modellberegninger viser at stor granbarkbille har nok døgngrader til å gjennomføre to generasjoner før overvintring.
I august 2020 ble soppen Diplodia sapinea funnet på sterkt skadet vrifuru i Ås kommune. Tidligere har det blitt gjort noen få funn av soppen på andre bartrearter i det samme området. D. sapinea er vanlig i varmere strøk på flere kontinenter, spesielt på furuarter. De pågående klima-endringene har trolig bidratt til at soppen har kunnet spre og etablere seg mot nord, men vi kan heller ikke utelukke innførsel av soppen via plantemateriale til bruk i grøntanlegg eller skog. D. sapinea er trolig bare i etableringsfasen i Norge, og har til dags dato gjort liten skade på våre stedegne bartrær.....
NIBIO
2021
This program, «Monitoring of environmental contaminants in freshwater ecosystems and single species in large Norwegian lakes”, has covered sampling and determination of environmental contaminants by analyses of organisms in an aquatic, pelagic food web of Lake Mjøsa, and in the top predator in Lake Femunden. Samples of different trophic levels, from epipelagic zooplankton to the top predator brown trout, were collected during the late stages of the growth season in 2020. In this report, the status of contamination in the food web, trends and biomagnification potential of various environmental contaminants is discussed.
Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA)
2021
Environmental pollutants in the terrestrial and urban environment 2020
Samples from the urban terrestrial environment in the Oslo area were analysed for metals and a large number of organic environmental pollutants. The selected species were earthworm, fieldfare, tawny owl, red fox and brown rat. Air- and soil-samples were also included in the study to further the understanding on sources and uptake of pollutants. A food-chain approach was used to investigate trophic magnification of the different compounds.
NILU
2021
Monitoring of the atmospheric ozone layer and natural ultraviolet radiation. Annual Report 2020.
This report summarizes the results from the Norwegian monitoring programme on stratospheric ozone and UV radiation measurements. The ozone layer has been measured at three locations since 1979: In Oslo/Kjeller, Tromsø/Andøya and Ny-Ålesund. The UV measurements started in 1995. The results show that there was a significant decrease in stratospheric ozone above Norway between 1979 and 1997. After that, the ozone layer stabilized at a level ~2% below pre-1980 level. 2020 was characterized by a strong, cold, and persistent Arctic stratospheric vortex, leading to extensive formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs, mother-of-pearl clouds) and chemical ozone destruction with very low ozone values and high UV levels in the exposed regions in the spring.
NILU
2021
Vurdering av CLEO for norske reindriftsutøvere
Denne rapporten er en evaluering av Local Environmental Observer (LEO) Network ved bruk av erfaringene fra pilottestene utført i perioden 2016-2020 av arktiske akademikere, urfolksinstitusjoner og samisk samfunn i Norge. Rapporten prøver å finne svar på hvordan man kan tilrettelegge for innrapportering av observasjoner på lokale miljøendringer blant norske reindriftsutøvere samt opprettholde en utstrakt bruk. Dette for å skape engasjement, bevisstgjøring, forsterke lokale stemmer og identifisere svar på viktige miljøutfordringer og mulige handlinger, og søke konstruktive og respektfulle måter å dele informasjon og samarbeid mellom ulike kunnskapssystemer.
Rapporten konkluderer med at for å gjøre det mulig for norske reindriftsutøvere å rapportere inn observasjoner av klimaendringer i miljøet, og legge til rette for en utstrakt og kontinuerlig bruk, bør det bygges en egen Sápmi løsning.
NILU
2021
Monitoring of environmental contaminants in air and precipitation. Annual report 2020.
This report presents environmental monitoring data from 2020 and time-trends for the Norwegian programme for Long-range atmospheric transported contaminants. The results cover 200 organic compounds (regulated and non-regulated), 11 heavy metals, and organic chemicals of potential Arctic concern.
NILU
2021
Air quality European-wide annual maps based on the Air Quality (AQ) e-Reporting validated (E1a) measurement data, the EMEP modelling data and other supplementary data have been regularly produced, using the Regression – Interpolation – Merging Mapping (RIMM) methodology. However, due to the time schedule of production of the validated AQ measurement and the EMEP modelling data, the RIMM air quality maps of a year Y have typically not been available until May of year Y+2. In this report, we examine the AQ interim mapping, based on the preliminary (E2a) measurement and the CAMS Ensemble Forecast modelling data. Such interim maps could be prepared one year earlier than the validated maps. In order to overcome an obstacle of data gaps of E2a data in several areas, so-called pseudo stations data in areas with no E2a data are estimated, based on regression relation between E2a data from year Y and validated E1a data from year Y-1, together with the ratio of the modelling results from years Y and Y-1. The analysis have been performed for the PM10 annual average, the NO2 annual average and the ozone indicator SOMO35, based on the 2017 data. We evaluate these maps using the validated E1a data. Based on the results, we recommend the regular production of the interim AQ maps for the examined indicators, in addition to the regular AQ maps.
ETC/ATNI
2021
Air Quality Plans and Measures. Analysis of data submitted from 2014 to 2020.
The submitted data were analysed with the aim to provide information to the EEA Member countries that can be used to improve their air quality management practices, and to give feedback on data quality and possible use. Previous studies in the framework of the Air Implementation Pilot (published in 2012 and 2013) made assessments of the measures and management practices but were not successful in defining the measures’ effectiveness, so the present report also looks into what kind of information can be obtained from the data.
In the period 2014 – 2020, 23 EEA member countries submitted at least one air quality plan. Most countries focus their plans on pollutants related to traffic: NO2 and/or PM10. Most measures target exceedances of NO2 (62 %), PM10 (26 %) and PM2.5 (10 %), and measures are reported that target exceedances of standards of benzo(a)pyrene, nickel and lead (all in PM10) as well as SO2. In one case, the measure is related to benzene.
« Traffic » is the main sector leading to exceedances, with 64 % of records, followed by « domestic heating » (14 %), « local industry » (10 %) and “Other” (8 %). The « Other » category when given further information could comprise a variety of sources including meteorology, agricultural residue burning, harbour activity or shipping.
The majority of the exceedances occurred in urban areas (65 %) followed by suburban areas (21 %), while 14 % of the exceedances addressed in the plans occurred in rural areas.
The available data consist of a large number of individual records (ranging from several hundreds to over 20 thousand depending on the reporting element) that in theory can be linked using unique identifiers. However, not all the records can be linked. While the basis for analysis can vary depending on which reporting segments are used, the overall results are consistent across the segments, and provide a very good overview of which air pollution abatement measures are taken by national and local authorities.
ETC/ATNI
2021
2021
Public awareness and efforts to improve air quality in Europe
Air pollution is the single largest environmental risk to the health of the Europeans and is receiving significant attention in the public space. It is comprehensively regulated in the EU, addressing air pollutants concentrations, as well as emissions from numerous sources. The legislation requires also for the authorities to inform the public.
In some cases, the authorities are struggling to implement measures to improve air quality and are met with barriers in the form of public opinion, for example, in cities. In other cases, citizens are taking action with the aim of pushing the authorities to improve air quality.
This report aims to reflect on what air quality information authorities provide and how the public perceives air quality and the information provided. It also looks on actions civil society takes towards improvements of air quality and the role of public awareness and understanding.
ETC/ATNI
2021
Potential use of CAMS modelling results in air quality mapping under ETC/ATNI
ir quality European-wide annual maps based on the Regression – Interpolation – Merging Mapping (RIMM) data fusion methodology have been regularly produced, using the Air Quality e-Reporting validated (E1a) monitoring data, the EMEP modelling data and other supplementary data. In this report, we examine the use of the preliminary (E2a) monitoring data as provided up-to-date (UTD) by many European countries and as also stored in the Air Quality e-Reporting database, together with the EMEP or the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) modelling data in two variants (i.e. CAMS Ensemble Interim Reanalysis and CAMS Ensemble Forecast) for potential preparing of preliminary spatial maps. With respect to the availability, the CAMS Ensemble Forecast is the most useful in the potential interim mapping. Such preliminary maps could be constructed approximately one year earlier than the validated maps. Even though we have demonstrated the feasibility, the mapping performance presented in the report is influenced by the lack of the E2a data in some areas.
Next to the evaluation of potential interim maps, regular RIMM maps based on the validated E1a measurement data using three different chemical transport model outputs have been compared, i.e. using the CAMS Ensemble Forecast, the CAMS Ensemble Interim Reanalysis and the EMEP model outputs. Based on the evaluation of the results presented, it is not possible to conclude that any of the three model datasets gives definitively better results compared to the others. The results do not provide strong reasons for a potential change of the model used in the regular mapping.
In addition, the RIMM mapping results have been compared with the CAMS Ensemble Forecast and the CAMS Ensemble Interim Reanalysis outputs. The comparison shows that the data fusion RIMM method gives better results, both in the rural and urban background areas, presumably because of the higher spatial resolution, introduction of additional ancillary data in the data fusion and not fully reduced bias in some data assimilation methods used in CAMS.
ETC/ATNI
2021
Development of Renewable Energy and its Impact on Air Quality. Co-benefits and Trade-Offs.
This study is an continuation of the work initiated in the European Topic Centre on Climate Change Mitigation and Energy (ETC/CME; report 2019/8) on the effect of the development of renewable energy sources (RES) since 2005 on emissions of anthropogenic air pollutants, which found that RES have led to an estimated increase of primary particulate matter emissions and a decrease of emissions of sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides. The current study aims at evaluating the impact of these emission changes on air quality and human health by using the air quality model CHIMERE to understand the distribution of emissions. To this end, the emissions corresponding to a reference scenario and to different scenarios of development of renewable energy sources were spatialized over Europe based on the spatialization of emissions used within the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). The CHIMERE model was applied to calculate, for the year 2016, the impact of the different scenarios on air quality. Finally, the possible impact on human health was assessed. We also include a specific section devoted to residential emission spatialization techniques to review the related uncertainties.
According to the simulation results using emissions based on official data, significant increases of particulate matter concentrations exceeding 1 μg/m3 were found for some countries, linked primarily to the increase in residential wood burning when comparing 2005 with 2016. Exceptions were Portugal and Greece (two countries that decreased their use of biomass for heating). At the scale of the EU27+UK, in 2016, the interplay between emission increases due to biomass use and emission decreases due to all other RES growth is estimated to be responsible for around 9 200 premature deaths and 97 000 years of life lost. As such, the increase in solid biomass heating alone, (due particularly by the high emissions of fine particulate matter from domestic stoves), is estimated to be responsible for an increase of around 10 700 premature deaths and 113 000 years of life lost in 2016. These premature deaths could have been prevented by promoting the development of other RES than solid biomass heating.
Similar results were found at the European scale with simulations using emissions based on expert estimates but with strong differences according to the country. The differences are mostly due to differences in emissions that may not account for semi-volatile organic compounds for some countries. Excluding heating with biomass, all other RES use appears to have led to small reductions of particulate matter concentrations across the Union, with air quality benefits estimated at 1 600 avoided premature deaths and 16 000 prevented years of life lost in 2016. This is because the deployment of RES other than heating from solid biomass from 2005 to 2016 only lead to small changes in emissions of pollutants. However, these sources represented only 13% of the heating and electricity production in 2016.
ETC/ATNI
2021