Publikasjoner

Innledning om Framsentersamarbeidet, del 1 og del 2

Heimstad, Eldbjørg Sofie

Innhold og erfaringer i flaggskipet Miljøgifter.

Heimstad, E.S.

Innendørsmåling av PAH. Passiv luftprøvetaking og støvprøver fra Hydro Husnes og Hydro Årdal.

Halse, Anne Karine

NILU

Inneluftmålinger Invitrogen Dynal AS. NILU OR

Innset, B.

Inneklimaundersøkelse i kontorlokaler, RWE-DEA Norge AS, Sjølyst Atrium, Oslo. NILU OR

Innset, B.; Larsen, R.

Inneklima i klasserommet. Elevbasert forskningskampanje som del av Forskningsdagene 2009. NILU OR

Randall, S.

Initial studies to update the European AQ city viewer

Soares, Joana; Schneider, Philipp; Horálek, Jan; Malherbe, Laure; González Ortiz, Alberto; Liberti, Luca; Gsella, Artur

Initial results from high-volume air sampling of industrial organic contaminants at Cape Verde, Africa. NILU PP

Nordum, M.; Breivik, K.; Eckhardt, S.; Schlabach, M.; Bäcklund, A.

Ingestion of Crumb Rubber and Uptake of Associated Contaminants in the Marine Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus)

Hägg, Fanny; Herzke, Dorte; Nikiforov, Vladimir; Egeness, Mari Jystad; Booth, Andy; Sørensen, Lisbet; Bourgeon, Sophie; Halsband-Lenk, Claudia

Ingestion of crumb rubber and uptake of associated contaminants in lumpfish (cyclopterus lumpus)

Herzke, Dorte; Hägg, Fanny; Halsband-Lenk, Claudia; Nikiforov, Vladimir; Booth, Andy

Car tire rubber represents an important source of microplastics, mainly through abrasion of tire dust on roads, but also in the form of crumb rubber (CR) produced from end-of-life vehicle tires that is used in artificial sport fields, playgrounds and other urban surfaces. CR is known to contain a mixture of different organic chemicals and metals. The leachate of tire particles has previously been shown to be toxic to marine invertebrates and some fish species. Here, lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) were exposed to CR particles (2-4 µm) in seawater for 7 days, followed by a 14-day depuration period. Blood samples were collected from the fish, together with the stomach and gut for visual detection of CR in the fish intestines. A comprehensive non-target screening analysis of organic chemical content in the blood was conducted using HRGC/HRMS (Thermofisher, Orbitrap). In addition to the screening, specific focus was given to quantification of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its degradation product 6PPD-quinone, known toxicants. Tissue samples were also analyzed for metals by ICP-MS. The exposed lumpfish were found to readily ingest CR alongside food under laboratory conditions. The quantity of CR in intestine samples increased during the exposure period, reaching a maximum level directly after the exposure period ended (day 8). A measurable decrease of CR particles was observed throughout the depuration period, although some individuals still contained CR at the end of the depuration period (day 21). The organic chemicals 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone, as well as other CR-related chemicals, were detected in the blood both on day 7 and day 21. No increased in concentration over time was observed for any of the 10 metals were detected in blood of exposed lumpfish. The study confirms that lumpfish actively ingest CR, causing the transfer of CR-related chemicals to the blood.

Ingestion of car tyre rubber by lumpfish increases exposure to toxins

Hägg, Fanny; Halsband, Claudia; Herzke, Dorte; Nikiforov, Vladimir; Booth, Andrew Michael; Bourgeon, Sophie

Ingestion of car tire crumb rubber and uptake of associated chemicals by lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus)

Hägg, Fanny; Herzke, Dorte; Nikiforov, Vladimir A.; Booth, Andy M.; Sperre, Kristine Hopland; Sørensen, Lisbet; Egeness, Mari Jystad; Halsband, Claudia

Car tire rubber constitutes one of the largest fractions of microplastics emissions to the environment. The two main emission sources are tire wear particles (TWPs) formed through abrasion during driving and runoff of crumb rubber (CR) granulate produced from end-of-life tires that is used as infill on artificial sports fields. Both tire wear particles and crumb rubber contain a complex mixture of metal and organic chemical additives, and exposure to both the particulate forms and their leachates can cause adverse effects in aquatic species. An understanding of the exposure pathways and mechanisms of toxicity are, however, scarce. While the most abundant metals and organic chemicals in car tire rubber have multiple other applications, para-phenylenediamines (PDs) are primarily used as rubber antioxidants and were recently shown to cause negative effects in aquatic organisms. The present study investigated the responses of the marine lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) to crumb rubber exposure in a controlled feeding experiment. Juvenile fish were offered crumb rubber particles with their feed for 1 week, followed by 2 weeks of depuration. Crumb rubber particle ingestion occurred in >75% of exposed individuals, with a maximum of 84 particles observed in one specimen. Gastrointestinal tract retention times varied, with some organisms having no crumb rubber particles and others still containing up to 33 crumb rubber particles at the end of the experiment. Blood samples were analyzed for metals and organic chemicals, with ICP-MS analysis revealing there was no uptake of metals by the exposed fish. Interestingly, high resolution GC-MS analysis indicated that uptake of PDs into lumpfish blood was proportionate to the number of ingested CR particles. Three of the PDs found in blood were the same as those identified in the additive mixture Vulkanox3100. N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) was the most concentrated PD in both the crumb rubber and lumpfish blood. The transformation product 6PPD-quinone was detected in the rubber material, but not in the blood. This study demonstrates that PDs are specific and bioavailable chemicals in car tire rubber that have the potential to serve as biomarkers of recent exposure to tire chemicals, where simple blood samples could be used to assess recent tire chemical exposure in vertebrates, including humans.

Frontiers Media S.A.