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Climate impact of tropospheric ozone changes. Air pollution research report, no. 81
2003
Climate health risks to children and adolescents: exposures, policy and practice interventions
ETC/HE
2024
2021
2022
2019
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the most important stratospheric ozone-depleting agent based on current emissions and the third largest contributor to increased net radiative forcing. Increases in atmospheric N2O have been attributed primarily to enhanced soil N2O emissions. Critically, contributions from soils in the Northern High Latitudes (NHL, >50°N) remain poorly quantified despite their exposure to rapid rates of regional warming and changing hydrology due to climate change. In this study, we used an ensemble of six process-based terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) from the Global Nitrogen/Nitrous Oxide Model Intercomparison Project (NMIP) to quantify soil N2O emissions across the NHL during 1861–2016. Factorial simulations were conducted to disentangle the contributions of key driving factors, including climate change, nitrogen inputs, land use change, and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, to the trends in emissions. The NMIP models suggests NHL soil N2O emissions doubled from 1861 to 2016, increasing on average by 2.0 ± 1.0 Gg N/yr (p
2025
2015
Climate change impacts on designing the power system of Kenya in 2050
Africa’s economic growth in the coming decades will hinge on the strategic planning of national power systems to meet growing demand and ensure rural energy access. Renewable energy sources, particularly wind and solar, will be pivotal in the expansion and transition to a low-carbon energy system. However, the vulnerability of these renewable sources to climate change could introduce imponderability in the design of the energy mix. In this regard, this paper explores a climate-informed energy system pathway by integrating the future climate projections directly into the capacity expansion of Kenya’s power system within three scenarios towards 2050, to formulate future energy profiles under climate change. The PyPSA-Earth model is applied to calculate capacity expansion decisions of the Kenyan power system. The EC-Earth3-Veg Earth System Model projects future climate variables such as wind speed. The cooling demands with global warming are estimated based on Cooling Degree Days (CDDs) projected by the Multi-Climate Model ensemble. The capacity expansion optimization results reveal that temperature increase leads to a rise in cooling demand, resulting in capacity expansion by 12% to 52% larger than the cooling demand without global warming. The projected change in wind speed is complex, with the onshore wind speed declining and the offshore wind speed rising, which causes a jump in the share of offshore wind power, taking 9% to 19% of the total capacity. Life cycle assessment indicates that large-scale deployment of wind and solar has less 5% climate change mitigation potential, but has 35% more total system cost compared to the baseline. In Kenya, geothermal is expected to continue playing a critical role in the energy strategy. Besides solar power, offshore wind is forecasted to become an important renewable energy source for Kenya. However, climate models’ resolutions and accuracy need to be further improved for effective integration into energy system modelling.
2026
2008
2013
2022
2011
Climate and other applications of 20 years of Along Track Scanning Radiometer LST measurements. NILU F
2012
This paper reports estimated maintenance-cleaning costs, cost savings and cleaning interval increases for structural surfaces and windows in Europe obtainable by reducing the air pollution. Methodology and data from the ICP-materials project were used. The average present (2018) cleaning costs for sheltered white painted steel surfaces and modern glass due to air pollution over background, was estimated to be ~2.5 Euro/m2∙year. Hypothetical 50% reduction in the air pollution was found to give savings in these cleaning costs of ~1.5 Euro/m2∙year. Observed reduction in the air pollution, from 2002–2005 until 2011–2014, have probably increased the cleaning interval for white painted steel with ~100% (from 12 to 24 years), representing reductions in the single intervention cleaning costs from 7 to 4%/year (= % of one cleaning investment, per year during the cleaning interval) and for the modern glass with ~65% (from 0.85 to 1.3 years), representing reductions in the cleaning cost from 124 to 95%/year. The cleaning cost reductions, obtainable by 50% reduction in air pollution, would have been ~3 %/year for white painted steel and ~60%/year for the modern glass, representing ~100 and 50% additional cleaning interval increases. These potential cleaning cost savings are significantly higher than previously reported for the weathering of Portland limestone ornament and zinc monuments.
2019
Clean air policies are key for successfully mitigating Arctic warming
A tighter integration of modeling frameworks for climate and air quality is urgently needed to assess the impacts of clean air policies on future Arctic and global climate. We combined a new model emulator and comprehensive emissions scenarios for air pollutants and greenhouse gases to assess climate and human health co-benefits of emissions reductions. Fossil fuel use is projected to rapidly decline in an increasingly sustainable world, resulting in far-reaching air quality benefits. Despite human health benefits, reductions in sulfur emissions in a more sustainable world could enhance Arctic warming by 0.8 °C in 2050 relative to the 1995–2014, thereby offsetting climate benefits of greenhouse gas reductions. Targeted and technically feasible emissions reduction opportunities exist for achieving simultaneous climate and human health co-benefits. It would be particularly beneficial to unlock a newly identified mitigation potential for carbon particulate matter, yielding Arctic climate benefits equivalent to those from carbon dioxide reductions by 2050.
2022
Clean air and healthy lungs. Enhancing the World Bank's Approach to Air Quality Management. Environment and natural resources global practice discussion paper; 03
This report specifically deals with air pollution, which was reported, by the World Health Organization (WHO), as the single largest environmental health risk globally in 2012 (WHO, 2014a). Air pollution from outdoor and household sources jointly account for more than 7 million deaths (3.7 million from ambient air pollution and 4.3 million from household air pollution). The following sections of this chapter present the objectives of, and key aspects of the institutional context for, this report followed by an examination of some of the major drivers of deteriorating ambient air quality in developing countries; air pollution sources and impacts; and the status of air quality management in developing countries. Chapter two presents the results of a desk-based portfolio review of World Bank projects that are relevant to reduction of air pollution. This is followed, in chapter three, by an examination of case studies of World Bank projects whose objectives include addressing ambient air pollution, highlighting good practices and lessons for future work of the Bank in supporting clients. Chapter four presents possible approaches for enhancing future Bank support in helping clients to improve air quality and reduce the associated adverse health outcomes. Chapter five presents overall conclusions and recommendations.
2015
The ClairCity Horizon2020 project aims to contribute to citizen-inclusive air quality and carbon policy making in middle-sized European cities. It does so by investigating citizens’ current behaviours as well as their preferred future behaviours and policy measures in six European cities1 through an extensive citizen and stakeholder engagement process. The project also models the possible future impacts of citizens’ policy preferences and examines implementation possibilities for these measures in the light of the existing institutional contexts in each city (Figure 0-1). This report summarises the main policy results for Ljubljana.
ClairCity Project
2020
ClairCity aims to contribute to citizen-inclusive air quality and carbon policy making in middle-sized European cities. It does so by investigating citizens’ current behaviours, their preferred future behaviours and their preferred future policy measures in six European cities. The project also examines the possible future impacts of citizens’ policy preferences and implementation possibilities for these measures in the light of the existing institutional contexts in each city. With this aim, ClairCity has carried out in all six cities an extensive citizen, stakeholder and policy maker engagement process (Chapter 1). This report summarises the main policy results for the first of the six cities, Bristol (UK). The other ClairCity cities are Amsterdam (NL), Ljubljana (SL), Sosnowiec (PL), CIRA/ Aveiro (PT) and Liguria / Genoa (IT).
ClairCity Project
2019
The ClairCity Horizon2020 project aims to contribute to citizen-inclusive air quality and carbon policy making in middle-sized European cities. It does so by investigating citizens’ current behaviours as well as their preferred future behaviours and policy measures in six European cities1 through an extensive citizen and stakeholder engagement process. The project also models the possible future impacts of citizens’ policy preferences and examines implementation possibilities for these measures in the light of the existing institutional contexts in each city (Figure 0-1). This report summarises the main policy results for Amsterdam (the Netherlands).
ClairCity Project
2020