Fant 2252 publikasjoner. Viser side 30 av 226:
Norge har et eksisterende overvåkingsnettverk for å måle effekter av luftforurensninger som forsuring, overgjødsling og
ozoneksponering i økosystemer. Ved eventuell implementering av nytt NEC‐direktiv «takdirektiv» (2016/2284/EU) må Norge
rapportere inn overvåkingsnettverk og resultater fra overvåking av effekter av luftforurensninger i økosystemer.
I denne rapporten er dagens overvåkingsnettverk vurdert med hensyn til de krav som stilles i nytt NEC‐direktiv. Resultater viste
at for innsjøer og elver er dagens overvåkingsnettverk relatert til forsuring tilfredsstillende. For overgjødsling av skog, skogsjord
og terrestrisk natur er det behov for oppgraderinger av overvåkingsnettverket. I forhold til ozonskader i vegetasjon er det behov
for oppgraderinger av dagens overvåkingsnettverk.
Det vil påløpe kostnader for opprettelse av nye overvåkingsstasjoner og oppgraderinger av dagens overvåkingsnettverk.
Estimerte kostnader for å dekke mangler i eksisterende overvåkingsnettverk er angitt i rapporten.
Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA)
2020
Kartlegging av NO2-konsentrasjoner i luft ved E16 Arna – Vågsbotn ble utført av NILU på oppdrag fra Statens vegvesen.
Målingene ble utført med passive prøvetakere ved 10 steder i området Gaupås-Kalsås-Blinde. Prosjektet ble gjennomført
vinteren 2020 (28. januar – 24. mars) i et område som er utsatt for inversjonsforhold i vintermånedene.
Vinteren 2019-2020 viste seg til å bli en mild vinter, inversjonsforhold ble ikke registrert. NO2-konsentrasjonen var høyest den første uken målingene pågikk og ble gradvis lavere i påfølgende uker. De siste 2 ukene var påvirket av mindre trafikk som en følge av pandemitiltak. Middelkonsentrasjonen ved det mest forurensede målestedet over hele måleperioden var 22,9 μg/m3. Sammenligning av resultatene fra måleområdet med observasjoner fra målestasjoner i Bergen viste at NO2-konsentrasjonen rett ved E16 var på samme nivå som ved veinære stasjoner i Bergen.
NILU
2020
Grenseområdene Norge-Russland. Luft- og nedbørkvalitet, årsrapport 2019.
Smelteverkene i nordvest-Russland slipper ut store mengder svoveldioksid (SO2) og tungmetaller. Utslippene påvirker luft- og nedbørkvalitet i grenseområdene. Miljøovervåkingen viser at grenseverdier for SO2 er overholdt i kalenderåret 2019, samt for vinter 2018/19. I januar 2019 var det to episoder med høye konsentrasjoner av SO2 på Svanvik. 25. januar ble det sendt varsel til befolkningen i området. Målsettingsverdier for Ni og As er overholdt.
NILU
2020
The paper provides the annual update of the European air quality concentration maps and population exposure estimates for human health related indicators of pollutants PM10 (annual average, 90.4 percentile of daily means), PM2.5 (annual average), ozone (93.2 percentile of maximum daily 8-hour means, SOMO35, SOMO10) and NO2 (annual average), and vegetation related ozone indicators (AOT40 for vegetation and for forests) for the year 2017. The report contains also NOx annual average concentration map for 2017. The trends in exposure estimates in the period 2005-2017 for PM10 and ozone, resp. in the period 2007-2017 for PM2.5 are summarized. The analysis is based on interpolation of annual statistics of the 2017 observational data reported by EEA Member countries in 2016 and stored in the Air Quality e-reporting database. The mapping method is the Regression – Interpolation – Merging Mapping. It combines monitoring data, chemical transport model results and other supplementary data using linear regression model followed by kriging of its residuals (residual kriging). The paper presents the mapping results and gives an uncertainty analysis of the interpolated maps.
ETC/ATNI
2020
Monitoring of the atmospheric ozone layer and natural ultraviolet radiation. Annual Report 2019.
This report summarizes the results from the Norwegian monitoring programme on stratospheric ozone and UV radiation
measurements. The ozone layer has been measured at three locations since 1979: In Oslo/Kjeller, Tromsø/Andøya and
Ny-Ålesund. The UV measurements started in 1995. The results show that there was a significant decrease in stratospheric
ozone above Norway between 1979 and 1997. After that, the ozone layer stabilized at a level ~2% below pre-1980 level.
2019 was characterized by low ozone values in April and an “ozone hole” in Southern Norway in December 2019.
NILU
2020
The main goal for the “Towards better exploitation of Satellite data for monitoring Air Quality in Norway using
downscaling techniques” (Sat4AQN) project was to evaluate the potential of spatially downscaling satellite data using a
high-resolution Chemical Transport Model (CTM) to spatial scales that are more relevant for monitoring air quality in
urban areas and regional background sites in Norway. For this demonstration project, we focused on satellite aerosol
optical density (AOD) and particulate matter (PM) estimates.
NILU
2020
The current report provides a short overview of previous years’ studies on long-term trends in O3, NO2 and PM and the role of meteorological variability for the concentration of these pollutants. The previous studies on the link between trends and meteorology has shown that these links could be estimated by a careful design of model setups using CTMs (chemical transport models). The conclusions from this work is that CTMs are certainly useful tools for explaining pollutant trends in terms of the separate impact of individual physio-chemical drivers such as emissions and meteorology although computationally demanding. The statistical GAM model that have been developed as part of the recent ETC/ACM and ETC/ATNI tasks could be considered as complementary to the use of CTMs for separating the influence of meteorological variability from other processes. The main limitation of the statistical model is that it contains no parameterisation of the real physio-chemical processes and secondly, that it relies on a local assumption, i.e. that the observed daily concentrations could be estimated based on the local meteorological data. We found clear differences in model performance both with respect to geographical area and atmospheric species. In general, the best performance was found for O3 (although not for peak levels) with gradually lower performance for NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 in that order. With respect to area, the model produced the best predictions for Central Europe (Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Austria, Czech Republic) and poorer agreement with observations in southern Europe. Although the GAM model did not detect many meteorology induced long-term trends in the data, the model is well suited for separating the influence of meteorology from the other driving forces, such as emissions and boundary conditions. The GAM model thus provides robust and smooth long-term trend functions corrected for meteorology as well as the perturbations from year to year, reflecting the variability in weather conditions. One could consider to define a set of performance criteria to decide if the GAM model is applicable for a specific station and parameter.
ETC/ATNI
2020
VANDAM Final Report. June 2020.
The current document summaries the work carried out in the PRODEX project NILU VANDAM: PEA: 4000118977.
NILU
2020
Health Risk Assessment of Air Pollution in Europe. Methodology description and 2017 results
This report describes the methodology applied to assess health risks across Europe in 2016, published in the European Environmental Agency’s Air Quality in Europe – 2019 report. The methodology applied is based on the work by de Leeuw and Horálek (2016), with a few adjustments. To estimate the health risk related to air pollution, the number of premature deaths and years of life lost related to exposure to fine particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide exposure were calculated for 41 countries across Europe. The results show that the largest health risks are estimated for the countries with the largest populations. However, in relative terms, when considering e.g., years of life lost per 100 000 inhabitants, the largest relative risks are observed in central and eastern European countries, and the lowest are found for the northern and north-western parts of Europe. Additionally to the assessment, a sensitivity analysis was undertaken to comprehend how much the presumed baseline concentration levels, the concentration below which no health effects are expected, affect the estimations. In addition, a benefit analysis, assuming attainment of the PM2.5 WHO guidelines across Europe, shows a reduction over 30 % of the 2017 premature deaths and years of life lost numbers.
ETC/ATNI
2020
MetVed v.2.0. Improvement and update of the MetVed emission model for residential wood combustion
This report presents the update of the MetVed-model (Grythe et al., 2019). Among the updates are new emission factors and several new species that include climate gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O). There is now a new parameter that describes the emission altitude and a new and improved time variation. Activity data has been updated to the most recent year (2019), which also has required updates to the model and model input variables. The largest update has been the holiday cabin emission module, which is an entirely new addition. Emissions from cabins differ in several ways from residential emissions. The most notable difference is that cabins are spread over more rural areas and are more dispersed than the residential dwellings. The model differentiates alpine and coastal cabins, which is an important distinction as a high density of cabins exists along the coast and they are mainly used during summer.
NILU
2020