Fant 9747 publikasjoner. Viser side 390 av 390:
A pooled analysis of host factors that affect nucleotide excision repair in humans
Oxford University Press
2025
Best Practice Protocol for the validation of Aerosol, Cloud, and Precipitation Profiles (ACPPV)
Committee on Earth Observation Satellites - CEOS
2025
Indian Land Carbon Sink Estimated from Surface and GOSAT Observations
The carbon sink over land plays a key role in the mitigation of climate change by removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Accurately assessing the land sink capacity across regions should contribute to better future climate projections and help guide the mitigation of global emissions towards the Paris Agreement. This study estimates terrestrial CO2 fluxes over India using a high-resolution global inverse model that assimilates surface observations from the global observation network and the Indian subcontinent, airborne sampling from Brazil, and data from the Greenhouse gas Observing SATellite (GOSAT) satellite. The inverse model optimizes terrestrial biosphere fluxes and ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchanges independently, and it obtains CO2 fluxes over large land and ocean regions that are comparable to a multi-model estimate from a previous model intercomparison study. The sensitivity of optimized fluxes to the weights of the GOSAT satellite data and regional surface station data in the inverse calculations is also examined. It was found that the carbon sink over the South Asian region is reduced when the weight of the GOSAT data is reduced along with a stricter data filtering. Over India, our result shows a carbon sink of 0.040 ± 0.133 PgC yr−1 using both GOSAT and global surface data, while the sink increases to 0.147 ± 0.094 PgC yr−1 by adding data from the Indian subcontinent. This demonstrates that surface observations from the Indian subcontinent provide a significant additional constraint on the flux estimates, suggesting an increased sink over the region. Thus, this study highlights the importance of Indian sub-continental measurements in estimating the terrestrial CO2 fluxes over India. Additionally, the findings suggest that obtaining robust estimates solely using the GOSAT satellite data could be challenging since the GOSAT satellite data yield significantly varies over seasons, particularly with increased rain and cloud frequency.
MDPI
2025
Forurensning i Arktis kan være opptil 71 ganger høyere i løpet av sommeren sammenlignet med vinteren
Norges forskningsråd
2025
Havforskningsinstituttet
2025
2025
We assessed the biomass burning (BB) smoke aerosol optical depth (AOD) simulations of 11 global models that participated in the AeroCom phase III BB emission experiment. By comparing multi-model simulations and satellite observations in the vicinity of fires over 13 regions globally, we (1) assess model-simulated BB AOD performance as an indication of smoke source–strength, (2) identify regions where the common emission dataset used by the models might underestimate or overestimate smoke sources, and (3) assess model diversity and identify underlying causes as much as possible. Using satellite-derived AOD snapshots to constrain source strength works best where BB smoke from active sources dominates background non-BB aerosol, such as in boreal forest regions and over South America and southern hemispheric Africa. The comparison is inconclusive where the total AOD is low, as in many agricultural burning areas, and where the background is high, such as parts of India and China. Many inter-model BB AOD differences can be traced to differences in values for the mass ratio of organic aerosol to organic carbon, the BB aerosol mass extinction efficiency, and the aerosol loss rate from each model. The results point to a need for increased numbers of available BB cases for study in some regions and especially to a need for more extensive regional-to-global-scale measurements of aerosol loss rates and of detailed particle microphysical and optical properties; this would both better constrain models and help distinguish BB from other aerosol types in satellite retrievals. More generally, there is the need for additional efforts at constraining aerosol source strength and other model attributes with multi-platform observations.
2025
Målinger av SO2 i omgivelsene til Elkem Carbon. Kalenderår 2024
På oppdrag fra Elkem Carbon AS har NILU utført målinger av SO2 i omgivelsene til Elkem Carbon i Kristiansand. Målingene ble utført med SO2-monitor i boligområdet på Fiskåtangen (Konsul Wilds vei). I tillegg ble SO2 målt med passive prøvetakere ved 3 steder rundt bedriften. Rapporten dekker målinger i perioden 1. januar – 31. desember 2024. Norske grenseverdier for luftkvalitet (SO2) ble overholdt ved Konsul Wilds vei for alle midlingsperioder (årsmiddel, vintermiddel, døgnmiddel og timemiddel). To døgnmiddelverdier var over nedre vurderingsterskel (50 µg/m3). Passive luftprøver viste at Fiskåveien, rett sør for bedriften, var det mest belastede stedet i måleperioden.
NILU
2025
2025
2025
Critical review of the atmospheric composition observing capabilities for monitoring and forecasting
WMO
2025
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the most important stratospheric ozone-depleting agent based on current emissions and the third largest contributor to increased net radiative forcing. Increases in atmospheric N2O have been attributed primarily to enhanced soil N2O emissions. Critically, contributions from soils in the Northern High Latitudes (NHL, >50°N) remain poorly quantified despite their exposure to rapid rates of regional warming and changing hydrology due to climate change. In this study, we used an ensemble of six process-based terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) from the Global Nitrogen/Nitrous Oxide Model Intercomparison Project (NMIP) to quantify soil N2O emissions across the NHL during 1861–2016. Factorial simulations were conducted to disentangle the contributions of key driving factors, including climate change, nitrogen inputs, land use change, and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, to the trends in emissions. The NMIP models suggests NHL soil N2O emissions doubled from 1861 to 2016, increasing on average by 2.0 ± 1.0 Gg N/yr (p
Elsevier
2025
2025
Methane emissions from the Nord Stream subsea pipeline leaks
The amount of methane released to the atmosphere from the Nord Stream subsea pipeline leaks remains uncertain, as reflected in a wide range of estimates1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18. A lack of information regarding the temporal variation in atmospheric emissions has made it challenging to reconcile pipeline volumetric (bottom-up) estimates1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 with measurement-based (top-down) estimates8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18. Here we simulate pipeline rupture emission rates and integrate these with methane dissolution and sea-surface outgassing estimates9,10 to model the evolution of atmospheric emissions from the leaks. We verify our modelled atmospheric emissions by comparing them with top-down point-in-time emission-rate estimates and cumulative emission estimates derived from airborne11, satellite8,12,13,14 and tall tower data. We obtain consistency between our modelled atmospheric emissions and top-down estimates and find that 465 ± 20 thousand metric tons of methane were emitted to the atmosphere. Although, to our knowledge, this represents the largest recorded amount of methane released from a single transient event, it is equivalent to 0.1% of anthropogenic methane emissions for 2022. The impact of the leaks on the global atmospheric methane budget brings into focus the numerous other anthropogenic methane sources that require mitigation globally. Our analysis demonstrates that diverse, complementary measurement approaches are needed to quantify methane emissions in support of the Global Methane Pledge19.
2025
This study examines the environmental impacts of urban growth in Warsaw since 2006 and models the implications of future urban development for traffic pollutant emissions and pollution levels. Our findings demonstrate that, over the past two decades, urban sprawl has resulted in decreases in accessibility to public transport, social services, and natural areas. We analyse CO2 traffic emissions, NO2 concentrations, and population exposure across urban areas in future scenarios of further sprawling or alternative compacting land-use development. Results indicate that a compact future scenario reduces transport CO2 emissions and urban NO2 levels, though increases in population density raise exposure to air pollution. A sprawl future scenario increases CO2 and NOx emissions due to longer commutes and congestion, and NO2 levels increase up to 25% in parts of the city. Several traffic abatement strategies were simulated, and in all simulations a compact city consistently yields the largest reductions in CO2 emissions and NO2 levels, implying that the best abatement strategy for combating negative consequences of sprawl is to reduce sprawling. In both city layouts, network-wide improvements of public transport travel times gave significantly reduced emissions. Combined, our findings highlight the importance of co-beneficial urban planning strategies to balance CO2 emissions reduction, and air pollution exposure in expanding cities.
Elsevier
2025
Årsrapport 2024. Nasjonalt referanselaboratorium for luftkvalitetsmålinger
Denne rapporten oppsummerer oppgavene til Nasjonalt referanselaboratorium for luftkvalitetsmålinger (NRL), delkontrakt 1b, for året 2024.
NILU
2025