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2020
Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service
2020
On behalf of Elkem Carbon AS, NILU has carried out measurements of arsenic (As) in the surroundings of Elkem Carbon in Vågsbygd (Kristiansand municipality). The company was ordered by the Norwegian Environment Agency to carry out As-measurements in ambient air. PM10 samples taken with a filter sampler in the residential area on Fiskåtangen (Konsul Wilds vei) were analysed for As by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This report covers measurements in the period 25 September 2019 – 28 September 2020. The annual average concentration of As was measured at 2.38 ng/m3. The target value in the air quality directive of 6 ng/m3 was complied with by a good margin. The annual average value was marginally lower than the lower assessment threshold of 2.4 ng/m3. A long range transported contribution to the two highest registered daily As-concentrations cannot be ruled out.
NILU
2020
An overview of the uses of per- And polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
2020
2020
2020
2020
Review on the methodology supporting the health impact assessment by the European Environment Agency
2020
2020
Munksgaard Forlag
2020
2020
2020
The high persistence of PFAS is sufficient for their management as a chemical class
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
2020
Crumb rubber toxicity in coastal marine systems
Crumb rubber granulate (CRG) produced from end of life tires (ELTs) is commonly applied on indoor and outdoor synthetic turf pitches (STPs), playgrounds, safety surfaces and walkways. In addition to fillers, stabilizers, cross-linking agents and secondary components (e.g. pigments, oils, resins, fibers), ELTs contain high levels of organic additive compounds and heavy metals. While previous environmental studies have focused on terrestrial soil and freshwater ecosystems, in Norway many sites applying CRG are coastal. In the current study, the organic chemical and metal content of 'fresh' and 'weathered' CRG and their seawater leachates was investigated, and the uptake of crumb rubber by the brown crab (Cancer pagurus) was studied as an example of an exposure route for CRG to coastal marine organisms. A combination of pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) and chemical extraction followed by GC-MS analysis revealed similar organic chemical profiles for pristine and weathered CRG, including additives such as benzothiazole, N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine and a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic compounds (e.g. bisphenols). ICP-MS analysis indicated g/kg quantities of Zn and mg/kg quantities of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Cr, Pb and Ni in the CRG. A mixture of organic additives, metals and other inorganic compounds readily leached from the CRG into seawater. Benzothiazole was the organic compound with highest concentration (average of 136 mg/L), while PAHs (ranging from <LOD to 0.58 mg/L) and phenolic compounds (e.g. 2,4-bisphenol F and 4,4’-bisphenol F at 0.012 and 0.006 mg/L, respectively) were present in low abundance. Zn was the most abundant metal in the leachates (23.8 mg/L) followed by Fe (0.08 mg/L) and Co (0.06 mg/L). While organic chemical concentrations in the leachates stabilized within days, metals continued to leach out over the 30 day period. Brown crabs were exposed to two concentrations of CRG (0.5 and 0.05 g/L) in two size fractions (5 mm and 250 µm diameter) for 24 hours. Ingestion of the rubber and subsequent gut evacuation were studied over 5 days. Image analysis of filtered stomach contents confirmed uptake of rubber particles in different sizes, but also efficient gut evacuation upon transfer to clean water. We discuss the implications of CRG and leachate toxicity in acute and long-term exposure scenarios for marine coastal ecosystems.
2020
EEA-33 Industrial Emissions Country Profiles. Methodology report. Updated July 2020.
The industrial emissions country profiles summarise key data related to industry: its relevance with respect to economic contributions, energy and water consumption, as well as air and water emissions and waste generation. The country profiles are developed for the EEA-33 countries which includes the 28 EU Member States together with Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and Turkey.
The present revision (v. 3.0) of this report includes data available at date of release. This year, a new reporting, the so-called EU-Registry and thematic data reporting, is introduced in order to gather the former E-PRTR, LCP and IED reportings and finally replace them. The 2018 data are not yet readily available. Nevertheless, more quality checks have been performed on the latest E-PRTR database in order to have the cleanest final E-PRTR dataset possible. Hence, the industrial emissions country profiles are enriched with the most up-to-date data sources while still only covering the years up to 2017.
This report describes the underlying methodology to the industrial emissions country profiles that are presented as a Tableau story on the EEA webpages ([1]).
The scope of industry in this respect includes in short all industrial activities reported under the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) excluding agriculture (activity code 7.(a) and 7.(b)). The data sources include Eurostat, the E-PRTR, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reported under the Monitoring Mechanism Regulation (MMR) and air pollutant emission inventories reported under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), each of which have their own data categories. A recently developed EEA-mapping which align these different categories is used ([2]). The data sources and industry scope is presented in full detail in the Annexes following this report.
The water and air pollutants including greenhouse gases are selected based on criteria related to their relative impact. Emissions of heavy metals to air and water have been combined by weighted averages using both eco toxicology and human toxicology characterisation factors ([3]). The amounts of hazardous and non-hazardous waste reported under Eurostat is presented, but excluding the major mineral waste that dominates the mining and construction sectors.
The data quality is evaluated and gap filling of Eurostat data is performed when needed. A method for E-PRTR outlier handling is proposed and applied where appropriate.
The significance of industry, given by gross value added (GVA), energy consumption and water use, as well as generation of waste are presented in the Tableau story as a sector percentage of EEA-33 gross total as well as percentage of country total. The trend in air and water pollution is presented as totals per pollutants relative to the latest year (2017). For the latest year the emissions are also given as percentage per sector relative to country total. The details on how the presented data is processed and aggregated is described in Annex 2.
The report is to a large extent based on previous methodology reports for “Industrial pollution country profiles”, but is also further developed to reflect feedback received through Eionet review and general requests from EEA and the European Commission.
ETC/ATNI
2020
2020