Publikasjoner

The warm Arctic-Cold Siberia temperature pattern: Has it happened before?

Wegmann, Martin; Orsolini, Yvan; Zolina, Olga

The who, why and where of Norway's CO2 emissions from tourist travel

Grythe, Henrik; Lopez-Aparicio, Susana

We present emissions from Norway’s tourist travel by the available transport modes, i.e., aviation, maritime (ferries and cruises) and land-based transport (road and railways). Our study includes detailed information on both domestic and international tourist travel within, from and to Norway. We have coupled statistics from several large surveys with detailed emission data to allow us to separate the purpose of the travel (holiday or business).

Total transport emissions for tourists in 2018 were estimated to be 8 530 kt, equivalent to 19% of the reported Norwegian national emissions. Of these emissions, international tourists visiting Norway were responsible for 3 273 kt , whereas travel by Norwegians accounted for 4 875 kt , most of which occur outside Norway’s reporting obligations. Aviation and maritime transport were found to be the largest emission sources, responsible for 71% and 21% of total emissions, respectively. The reduction due to the COVID-19 pandemic was approximately 60% in 2020, and was sustained throughout the year.

Our study shows that officially reported emissions, as limited to the countries territory, are not suitable for accurate evaluation of transport emissions related to tourism. A consumer or tourist-based calculation gives a marked redistribution of emission responsibility. Our results indicate that emissions from Norwegian residents travelling abroad are 1 602 kt higher than those from tourists coming to Norway. This is driven by frequent trips to popular tourist destinations such as Spain, Thailand, Turkey and Greece. Globally consumer based calculations would shift the responsibility of emissions by tourists to the large wealthy nations, with the most international tourists. The understanding of emission distributed by population group or market support in addition the developing of marketing strategies to attract low emission tourist markets and create awareness among the nations with higher shares of international tourist.

Elsevier

Thematic assessments. ANP, 2004:762

Anttila, P.; Frolova, M.; Heidam, N.Z.; Lövblad, G.; Sjöberg, K.; Pajuste, K.; Schaug, J.; Sopauskiene, D.

Theoretical modelling in combination with empirical investigations as a new tool for ecotoxicological evaluations of chiral pollutants. Chlorinated bornanes as an example.

Kallenborn, R.; Heimstad, E.S.

Thermal conditions during heat waves of a mid-European metropolis under consideration of climate change, urban development scenarios and resilience measures for the mid-21st century

Trimmel, Heidelinde; Weihs, Philipp; Faroux, Stephanie; Formayer, Herbert; Hamer, Paul David; Hasel, Kristoffer; Laimighofer, Johannes; Leidinger, David; Masson, Valery; Nadeem, Imran; Oswald, Sandro M.; Revesz, Michael; Schoetter, Robert

Thermosphere-Stratosphere coupling during stratospheric sudden warmings.

Orsolini, Y.; Limpasuvan, V.; Perot, K.; Kinnison, D.

Thirteenth EIONET workshop on air quality management and assessment, Brugge, Belgium 29-30 September 2008. Proceedings. ETC/ACC Technical paper, 2008/11

Larssen, S.; Guerreiro, C.

Thorough analysis of contaminants in Arctic air samples by means of GCxGC/ToF-MS. NILU F

Röhler, L.; Schlabach, M.; Vetter, W.

Three decades of atmospheric metal deposition in Norway as evident from analysis of moss samples.

Steinnes, E.; Berg, T.; Uggerud, H.T.

Three-dimensional methane distribution simulated with FLEXPART 8-CTM-1.1 constrained with observation data

Zwaaftink, Christine Groot; Henne, Stephan; Thompson, Rona Louise; Dlugokencky, Edward J.; Machida, Toshinobu; Paris, Jean-Daniel; Sasakawa, Motoki; Segers, Arjo; Sweeney, Colm; Stohl, Andreas

Three-dimensional wind field estimates in complex terrain.

Mocioaca, G.; Sivertsen, B.; Cuculeanu, V.

Thymidine Kinase+/− Mammalian Cell Mutagenicity Assays for Assessment of Nanomaterials

Chen, Tao; Dusinska, Maria; Elespuru, Rosalie K.

The methods outlined here are part of a series of papers designed specifically for genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials (NM). Common Considerations such as NM characterization, sample preparation and dose selection, relevant to all genotoxicity assays, are found in an accompanying paper. The present paper describes methods for evaluation of mutagenicity in the mammalian (mouse) thymidine kinase (Tk) gene occurring in L5178Y mouse lymphoma (ML) cells and in the designated TK gene in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. Mutations change the functional genotype from TK+/− to TK−/−, detectable as cells surviving on media selective for the lack of thymidine kinase (TK) function. Unlike cells with TK enzyme function, the TK−/− cells are unable to integrate the toxic selection agent, allowing these cells to survive as rare mutant colonies. The ML assay has been shown to detect a broad spectrum of genetic damage, including both small scale (point) mutations and chromosomal alterations. This assay is a widely used mammalian cell gene mutation assay for regulatory purposes and is included in the core battery of genotoxicity tests for regulatory decision-making. The TK6 assay is an assay using a human cell line derived similarly via mutagenic manipulations and optimal selection. Details are provided on the materials required, cell culture methods, selection of test chemical concentrations, cytotoxicity, treatment time, mutation expression, cloning, and data calculation and interpretation. The methods describe the microwell plate version of the assays without metabolic activation.

Frontiers Media S.A.