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2018
2024
2021
Unleaded gasoline as a significant source of Pb emissions in the Subarctic
After the phasing out of leaded gasoline, Pb emissions to the atmosphere dramatically decreased, and other sources became more significant. The contribution of unleaded gasoline has not been sufficiently recognized; therefore, we evaluated the impact of Pb from unleaded gasoline in a relatively pristine area in Subarctic NE Norway. The influence of different endmembers (Ni slag and concentrate from the Nikel smelter in Russia, PM10 filters, and traffic) on the overall Pb emissions was determined using various environmental samples (snow, lichens, and topsoils) and Pb isotope tracing. We found a strong relationship between Pb in snow and the Ni smelter. However, lichen samples and most of the topsoils were contaminated by Pb originating from the current use of unleaded gasoline originating from Russia. Historical leaded and recent unleaded gasoline are fully distinguishable using Pb isotopes, as unleaded gasoline is characterized by a low radiogenic composition (206Pb/207Pb = 1.098 and 208Pb/206Pb = 2.060) and remains an unneglectable source of Pb in the region.
Pergamon Press
2018
2017
2023
Inert spredning av et enhetsutslipp er kombinert med tidsavhengig luftkjemi for å beregne maksimal belastning I luft og ferskvann for utslipp fra aminabsorberen ved TCM. Beregningene for et likely case viser at maksimal belastning av summen av nitrosaminer og nitraminer er 2 % av anbefalt retningslinje for luftkvalitet. Maksimale konsentrasjoner i ferskvann fra utslippet er fra 0.6 % til 3.2 % av retningslinjen avhengig av hvilken absorbent som benyttes og hvilken avgass som renses. For likely case i forhold til worst case er luftkonsentrasjonene en faktor 3 til 4 lavere enn worst case. Ferskvannkonsentrasjonene blir en faktor fra 16 til 22 lavere enn worst case avhengig av hvilken absorbent som benyttes.
2011
Inert spredning av et enhetsutslipp er kombinert med tidsavhengig luftkjemi for å beregne maksimal belastning I luft og ferskvann for utslipp fra aminabsorberen ved TCM. Beregningene for et worst case viser at maksimal belastning av summen av nitrosaminer og nitraminer er 5 % av anbefalt retningslinje for luftkvalitet. Maksimale konsentrasjoner i ferskvann fra utslippet er fra 13 % til 53 % av retningslinjen avhengig av hvilken absorbent som benyttes og hvilken avgass som renses. Effekten av et "likely case" er estimert. Estimatet viser at luftkonsentrasjonene blir en faktor 3 lavere enn worst case. Ferskvannkonsentrasjonene blir en faktor fra 10 til 20 lavere enn worst case avhengig av hvilken absorbent som benyttes.
2011
Update of background concentrations over Norway. NILU OR
A methodology for creating a new dataset of estimated background concentrations of NO2, O3, PM10, and PM2.5 that are representative of a typical year over Norway, was developed. The dataset has a spatial resolution of 10 km × 10 km and an hourly temporal resolution. The methodology is based on a spatial mapping component for obtaining information on annual mean background concentrations, and a temporal characterization component, which uses long-term time series of station data to describe the typical development of background concentrations throughout a day and a year. When combined, these two components allow estimates of typical background concentrations at any time of the year at any location in Norway. Whereas the previously used VLUFT method of 1993 only provided spatially constant data at the county level, the new method presented here provides spatially continuous data at a comparatively high spatial resolution. Furthermore, while the previous method only gave a range of constant values that were considered valid throughout the entire year, the new technique provides continuous time series for a typical year at hourly resolution at any location in Norway.
2011
Update on Polar Ozone: Past, Present, and Future. WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report No. 55
2014
Updated trends for atmospheric mercury in the Arctic: 1995–2018
The Arctic region forms a unique environment with specific physical, chemical, and biological processes affecting mercury (Hg) cycles and limited anthropogenic Hg sources. However, historic global emissions and long range atmospheric transport has led to elevated Hg in Arctic wildlife and waterways. Continuous atmospheric Hg measurements, spanning 20 years, and increased monitoring sites has allowed a more comprehensive understanding of how Arctic atmospheric mercury is changing over time. Time-series trend analysis of TGM (Total Gaseous Mercury) in air was performed from 10 circumpolar air monitoring stations, comprising of high-Arctic, and sub-Arctic sites. GOM (gaseous oxidised mercury) and PHg (particulate bound mercury) measurements were also available at 2 high-Arctic sites. Seasonal mean TGM for sub-Arctic sites were lowest during fall ranging from 1.1 ng m−3 Hyytiälä to 1.3 ng m−3, Little Fox Lake. Mean TGM concentrations at high-Arctic sites showed the greatest variability, with highest daily means in spring ranging between 4.2 ng m−3 at Amderma and 2.4 ng m−3 at Zeppelin, largely driven by local chemistry. Annual TGM trend analysis was negative for 8 of the 10 sites. High-Arctic seasonal TGM trends saw smallest decline during summer. Fall trends ranged from −0.8% to −2.6% yr−1. Across the sub-Arctic sites spring showed the largest significant decreases, ranging between −7.7% to −0.36% yr−1, while fall generally had no significant trends. High-Arctic speciation of GOM and PHg at Alert and Zeppelin showed that the timing and composition of atmospheric mercury deposition events are shifting. Alert GOM trends are increasing throughout the year, while PHg trends decreased or not significant. Zeppelin saw the opposite, moving towards increasing PHg and decreasing GOM. Atmospheric mercury trends over the last 20 years indicate that Hg concentrations are decreasing across the Arctic, though not uniformly. This is potentially driven by environmental change, such as plant productivity and sea ice dynamics.
Elsevier
2022
Updating historical global inventories of anthropogenic mercury emissions to air. AMAP Technical Report, no. 3, 2010
2010
2022
Uptake and effects of 2, 4, 6 - trinitrotoluene (TNT) in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Elsevier
2018
2013
Little is known about the exposure of aquatic biota to tire and road wear particles (TRWP) washed away from roads. Mussels were exposed for 7 days to model TRWP (m-TRWP), produced by milling tire tread particles with pure sand, and analyzed for 21 tire-related compounds by liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Upon exposure to 0.5 g/L of m-TRWP, 15 compounds were determined from 944 μg/kg wet weight (diphenylguanidine, DPG) over 18 μg/kg for an oxidation product of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPDQ) to 0.6 μg/kg (4-hydroxydiphenyl amine). Transfer into mussels was highest for PTPD, DTPD and 6-PPDQ and orders of magnitude lower for 6-PPD. During 7 days depuration the concentration of all determined chemicals decreased to remaining concentrations between ~50 % (PTPD, DTPD) and 6 % (6-PPD). Suspect and non-target screening found 37 additional transformation products (TPs) of tire additives, many of which did not decrease in concentration during depuration, among them ten likely TPs of DPG, two of 6-PPD and PTPD and two of 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline. A wide variety of chemicals is taken up by mussels upon exposure to m-TRWP and a wide range of TPs is formed, enabling the differentiation of biomarkers of exposure to TRWP and biomarkers of exposure to tire-associated chemicals.
Elsevier
2025
Uptake of organic contaminants from car tire microplastics in Arctic marine species
Car tire particles represent an important environmental challenge that is difficult to alleviate. The particles stem from abrasion during driving, so-called tire wear particles (TWPs), down-cycled end-oflife tire crumb rubber (CR) granulate that is used widely as low-cost infill on sports fields, or degradation products from discarded tires. The material contains a variety of additives and chemical residues from the manufacturing process, including metals, especially high concentrations of zinc, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and benzothiazoles (Halsband et al., 2020), but also paraphenylenediaminesb (PPDs) and numerous other organic chemicals. In urbanized areas, TWPs arebemitted from vehicles, while CR is dispersed from artificial sports fields and other urban surfaces to the environment. This suggests that particulate and chemical runoff to coastal systems is likely and represents a route of exposure to marine organisms. In the Arctic, even small human settlements can represent local sources of TWPs and CR granulate emissions. Here, we summarize recent experimental studies examining the responses of different marine animals to tire rubber particle or leachate exposure, focusing on toxicity and the uptake kinetics of tire-related organic chemicals into organs and tissues. We present data for different ecological functional groups relevant to the Arctic, including copepods, shrimps, crabs, and fish, representing different body sizes, marine habitats, and feeding modes, and thus varying exposure scenarios. Our findings from GC-HRMS SIM chromatography demonstrate that several tire additives are taken up into tissues. Although the available data indicates many tire-derived organic chemicals do not seem to bioaccumulate, mapping of tire rubber particle and chemical distributions in Arctic coastal systems, dose-response toxicity testing and risk assessments of environmental concentrations are warranted, also with a view to potential trophic transfer within the Arctic marine food chain.
2023
2013
Urban air pollution 2000-2015. Results from monitoring and modeling in Oslo and Trondheim. NILU OR
Ecotraffic har på oppdrag fra Statoil undersøkt forventede endringer i utslipp fra vegtrafikk ved overgang til biodrivstoff. Denne rapporten oppsummerer trender fra måle- og modellresultater for luftkvalitet i Trondheim og Oslo fra 2000 til 2015, den siste tredjedelen av perioden bare med modellresultater. Noen mulige effekter ved introduksjon av biodrivstoff er undersøkt. For konsentrasjon av partikler vil introduksjon av biodrivstoff bidra til en reduksjon av nivået. For NOX og NO2 vil imidlertid biodrivstoff kunne ha en ugunstig effekt og føre til økt konsentrasjonsnivå.
2010
2004