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Franzefoss Husøya Kristiansund. Målinger av ammoniakk NH3 og flyktige organiske forbindelser VOC
NILU
2026
The Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols coupled to a Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (FIGAERO–CIMS) can be used to derive volatility of atmospheric aerosol by using the temperature at thermogram maximum signal (Tmax). For complex ambient particle matrices, Tmax of an individual compound often varies, for reasons not fully elucidated. Here, we apply machine learning to study the relation between Tmax of levoglucosan (C6H10O5), a common tracer to identify the influence of biomass burning (BB) in ambient air, and a set of atmospheric and instrumental parameters for an ambient year-long FIGAERO–CIMS data set measured in the Arctic. Using three different modeling approaches, namely, multiple linear regression (MLR), random forest (RF) regressor, and XGBoost regressor, we find that the mass loading on the FIGAERO filter has the highest relevance for variation in Tmax of levoglucosan. On the basis of these results, we suggest controlling the mass collected on the filter for continuous online measurement with the FIGAERO–CIMS if quantitative volatility information is to be gained. More generally, we demonstrate the usefulness of machine learning approaches for characterization of instrumental backgrounds in complex ambient or laboratory data.
2026
Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from vegetation represent a major source of volatile compounds globally and play an important role as precursors for tropospheric ozone. Understanding their emissions is therefore crucial for quantifying the impact of ozone on air quality. We present two datasets of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions that cover the European modelling domain of the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service at a resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° to support the study of European scale air quality. The compounds included in the dataset follow the VOCs included in the regional atmospheric chemistry model mechanism (RACM). The datasets were produced within the framework of the EU's SEEDS project. We produced each dataset by coupling modelling output variables from the SURFEX land surface model with the MEGAN3.0 BVOC emission model. In one instance, the SURFEX model was run in free-running mode, which we term the open-loop (OL) and in the other case we assimilated satellite observations of leaf area index (LAI), which we term the analysis. The OL and analysis land surface model outputs form the basis for each emission dataset that are called SURFEX-MEGAN3.0 OL (https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/LAUVTU, Hamer et al., 2025a) and SURFEX-MEGAN3.0 analysis (https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/69G1FX, Hamer et al., 2025b), respectively. The OL dataset is available over a five-year period from 2018–2022 and the analysis dataset is available over the three-year period 2018–2020. SURFEX was run for both the OL and analysis simulations in a configuration that allowed simulated vegetation to respond to variations in meteorology over time to more realistically track vegetation phenology. Evaluation of the land surface model output LAI and root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) showed that the OL and analysis simulations had good skill at tracking temporal changes in both variables, with the analysis performing better in each instance. We perform a variety of evaluations on the isoprene emissions specifically given the importance of this compound for atmospheric chemistry. We evaluated the temporal variability of isoprene emissions in both datasets and found that the majority of the interannual and monthly variability was linked to variability in LAI that in specific cases, like the summer of 2019, could be linked to drought impacts on vegetation growth simulated by SURFEX. We evaluated the daily temporal variability of the OL and analysis isoprene emission datasets against in-situ online observations of isoprene concentrations at 8 sites in western Europe and found moderate to strong correlation between the emissions and observations in almost all location-year pairings. We also evaluated the OL and analysis emission datasets against other published bottom-up isoprene emission datasets over the same European domain used in this study. We found that the SURFEX-MEGAN3.0 OL and analysis isoprene emission datasets lie between the minimum (CAMS-GLOB-BIOv3.1) and maximum (MEGAN-MACC) published emission datasets based on bottom-up approaches. Furthermore, we were able to attribute differences in seasonality between SURFEX-MEGAN3.0 and other emission inventories to differences in the temporal variability of the underlying LAI dataset used to compile them. Overall, our findings show the importance of variability in LAI in controlling isoprene emissions on monthly to annual timescales. Combining this with the demonstrated skill of the emissions in evaluation with independent data, this points towards the value of an Earth-system approach to BVOC emission modelling.
2026
Urban nature-based solutions (NBS) are increasingly deployed to restore ecosystems, regulate microclimates, support biodiversity, and enhance wellbeing. Yet many remain short-lived: once installation and early monitoring end, maintenance budgets shrink, responsibilities become unclear, and socio–ecological performance declines. The EU BiodivNBS NatureScape project addresses this overlooked post-implementation phase by examining how NBS are cared for, governed, and experienced over time in seven European cities – Oslo, Dublin, Riga, Milan, Lisbon, Lublin, and St. Gallen.To strengthen long-term sustainability, NatureScape establishes Transformation Labs (T-Labs) at demonstration sites, including rain gardens in Lublin; community gardens in Oslo, Riga, Milan, and St. Gallen; school gardens in Lisbon; and goat-grazing vegetation management in Dublin. These T-Labs function as practice-based innovation spaces where municipal authorities, researchers, and community groups jointly observe socio–ecological dynamics, identify stewardship challenges, and co-develop adaptive responses. The approach extends conventional living labs by focusing on long-term socio–ecological change and governance arrangements that support NBS persistence.NatureScape integrates baseline assessments across five forms of capital (natural, social, human, manufactured, financial) with participatory workshops, PPGIS, citizen science, and systems tools such as causal loop diagrams and multi-criteria assessments. This mixed-methods design enables analysis of NBS as dynamic systems shaped by interactions between ecological conditions, institutions, and community practices.Early findings from Oslo, Riga, Lublin and St. Gallen reveal recurrent barriers: unclear responsibilities after project funding ends, limited resources for routine care and climate adaptation, insecure land tenure, weak alignment with municipal strategies, and uneven community participation. In St. Gallen, expectations to expand activities, actors, or spatial scope further increase complexity and demand stronger management capacities.This study presents the NatureScape framework for post-implementation NBS governance and demonstrates how T-Labs can: (i) shift perceptions of NBS from temporary projects to living infrastructures requiring continuous care; (ii) clarify and redistribute responsibilities and resources for long-term stewardship; and (iii) provide structured settings where new forms of cooperation and valuation can be tested and embedded in policy. Embedding co-maintenance and co-stewardship as core practices can help cities move beyond pilot projects toward durable, multifunctional NBS aligned with EU and global biodiversity frameworks and targets.
2026
This study presents insights from the EU Biodiversa+ NatureScape project (2025–2028). The project offers a new perspective for understanding nature-based solutions (NBS) in cities by focusing on the post-implementation phase, in which environmental justice in urban planning is put to the test.In recent years, cities have increasingly pursued NBS in urban development projects such as community gardens, green roofs, and temporary green spaces to support biodiversity while simultaneously improving human well-being. Despite growing recognition of NBS in urban planning, their potential for cities' socio-ecological transformation remains constrained by overlooked post-implementation challenges. While the planning and implementation of NBS already receive considerable attention, critical dimensions of environmental justice – distributive equity, accessibility, and procedural justice for continuous public participation and stakeholder engagement – become apparent only in the post-implementation phase. This phase is characterized by dynamic interactions between social and ecological components, shaping whether NBS are consolidated and sustained in ways that contribute in the long term to transformative effects and environmental justice, or whether they instead undermine these aims.NatureScape addresses this critical transition and its challenges in urban planning. Through transformation laboratories (T-Labs) in seven cities (Oslo, Dublin, Riga, Milan, Lisbon, Lublin, and St. Gallen), the research team explores two central questions: (1) What enablers and barriers in urban planning shape the post-implementation stewardship of urban NBS? (2) What governance mechanisms, strategies, and measures lead to the successful integration of urban NBS into urban planning to unfold their transformative potential for biodiversity-positive transitions and environmental justice?Initial findings from the T-Labs reveal crucial barriers. The post-implementation phase is often reduced to technical maintenance. Insufficient incorporation of NBS into urban planning is associated with fragmented institutions and responsibilities, weak strategic and instrumental anchoring, financial insecurity, and the erosion of institutional and political support.The project identifies interconnected governance mechanisms that could successfully integrate NBS into urban planning: adaptive planning processes, institutional anchoring that fosters shared ownership among stakeholders, co-management approaches with formal agreements, public planning frameworks, and institutional structures that support integrated action. Together, these mechanisms highlight stewardship as a pivotal principle for achieving just and biodiversity-positive urban futures.
2026
2026
2026
2026
The Fire Modeling Intercomparison Project (FireMIP) for CMIP7
Fire is a global phenomenon and a key Earth system process. Extreme fire events have increased in recent years, and fire frequency and intensity are projected to rise across most regions and biomes, posing substantial challenges for ecosystems, the carbon cycle, and society. The Fire Model Intercomparison Project (FireMIP), launched in 2014, has advanced global fire modeling in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) and improved understanding of fire's local and direct drivers and its local impacts on vegetation and land carbon budgets through land offline simulations (i.e., uncoupled from the atmosphere). We now bring FireMIP into Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 7 (CMIP7) to: (1) evaluate fire simulations in state-of-the-art fully coupled Earth system models (ESMs); (2) assess fire regime changes in the past, present, and future, and identify their primary natural and anthropogenic forcings and causal pathways within the Earth system, including the associated uncertainties; and (3) quantify the impacts of fires and fire changes on climate, ecosystems, and society across Earth system components, regions, and timescales, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. FireMIP in CMIP7 will advance the fire and fire-related modeling in fully coupled ESMs, and provide a quantitative, comprehensive, and process-based understanding of fire's role in the Earth system by using models that incorporate critical climate feedbacks and CMIP7 multi-model, multi-initial-condition, and multi-scenario ensemble. This protocol paper presents the motivation, scientific questions, experimental design and rationale, model inputs and outputs, and recommended analysis framework for FireMIP in CMIP7, providing guidance to Earth system modeling teams conducting simulations and informing communities studying fire, climate change, and climate solutions.
2026
2026
This study provides a short-term, dry-weather multi-compartment assessment of microplastic (MP) contamination in the Choghakhor Wetland, a vital freshwater ecosystem in western Iran. We quantified MPs in air, subsurface water, the surface water microlayer (SML), and sediments and developed a first-order mass-balance framework to clarify transport and fate. The SML showed much higher MP concentrations than the subsurface water when converted to volumetric units, while method-specific SML estimates varied among approaches (4.4–13.8 MP m⁻² using a glass tube; 196–982 MP m⁻² using a sieve; and 130–1754 MP m⁻² using filter paper). Subsurface water contained 0.083–1.5 MP L⁻¹, and the two sediment samples contained 60–400 MP kg⁻¹. Atmospheric deposition during the monitored intervals reached 2363 MP m⁻² h⁻¹. Flux analysis indicated that dry-weather influx exceeded observed outflux by more than three orders of magnitude. Using the conservative combined-outlet scenario, the wetland residence time was at least 168 days, whereas a water-only outlet scenario yielded ∼344 days. FLEXPART suggested that road dust dominated modeled source contributions, with smaller agricultural and soil-related contributions, although site-specific attribution remains model-based. These findings identify wetlands as important sinks and reservoirs of MPs, while emphasizing that the present results represent a dry-weather baseline rather than seasonal or annual conditions.
2026
Global mapping of city-level economic growth decoupling from fossil fuels
Cities seek to generate economic prosperity while reducing their dependence on fossil fuel combustion, yet tracking such progress at the city level remains challenging because of the limited and inconsistent emissions and economic data. Here we introduce an objective, globally consistent framework to measure decoupling between fossil fuel use and economic growth, either through reduced fuel use or shifts toward cleaner/more efficient combustion, proxied by tropospheric nitrogen dioxide columns combined with second-level administrative gross domestic product per capita based on purchasing power parity data. Analysing 5,435 cities globally over 2019–2024, we identify significant trends for 2,475 cities and classify them into 4 decoupling states. We find that 80% of these cities, mainly located in China, Europe and North America, enjoy relative decoupling, whereas 16%, mainly located in India and the Middle East, experience fossil fuel-dependent growth. Beyond these patterns, the described scalable satellite-based methodology can be revisited regularly to monitor city-level green growth and support urban policy effectiveness.
2026
Plastic pellet spills are a major source of microplastic pollution, and pellets are found on beaches worldwide. However, the potential environmental impacts of these spills remain poorly understood. In December 2023, approximately 25,000 kg of polyethylene pellets containing high concentrations of the additive Tinuvin UV-622 were spilled during a shipping accident off the northern coast of Portugal. Pellets collected from an affected beach located in Galicia, Spain, along with solvent extracts and aqueous leachates, were subjected to both target and nontarget chemical analyses and tested in a battery of toxicity assays including a green microalga (Raphidocelis subcapitata), a marine copepod (Apocyclops royi), a fish model (Danio rerio), and a human cell line. Chemical screening identified on the order of 50 chemical substances in addition to Tinuvin UV-622, including a range of known plastic additives and nonintentionally added substances (NIAS). Toxicity assays revealed significant growth inhibition and stress-induced cell aggregation in R. subcapitata and acute toxicity causing immobilization in copepods, which could have potential implications in the environment via the disruption of primary producers and food web dynamics. In contrast, zebrafish embryos showed no significant developmental effects, while human cells exhibited modest, time-dependent reductions in viability. Our findings underscore the complex chemical burden associated with pellet spills and stress the need for policies and regulations to prevent them, reinforcing the importance of applying the precautionary principle in managing the environmental risks linked to plastic pellet production, transport, and accidental release.
2026
Understanding new particle formation (NPF) and the fate of nanoparticles is crucial because of their close links to air quality, cloud formation, and climate. These effects vary spatially and temporally owing to diverse aerosol sources and their relatively short atmospheric lifetime. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of long-term trends in NPF-associated nucleation-mode particles and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations across diverse observation environments using quality-controlled particle number size distribution (PNSD) and CCN data from 37 sites, primarily from Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) stations. We identify declining decadal trends in both NPF occurrences and nucleated particle concentrations across most site types, with the strongest declines in urban areas. We observe simultaneous reductions in both CCN concentrations and nucleation-mode particles, suggesting that newly formed particles are a potential source of CCN. This, in turn, suggests that cloud microphysical properties and radiative effects can be indirectly influenced through aerosol–cloud interactions that modify cloud droplet formation. These findings indicate that decreasing anthropogenic emissions could influence the climate forcing potential of aerosol–cloud interactions, with important implications for future climate projections.
2026
2026
2026
2026
Moss as an environmental factor
Did you know that stairstep moss can be used as a sampler for air pollution? Researchers at NILU have collected this kind of moss on several occasions and examined it for metals and other pollutants.
2026
2026
Aerosol-Cloud Interactions: Overcoming a Barrier to Projecting Near-Term Climate Evolution and Risk
Aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) are a major source of uncertainty in climate science, critically affecting our ability to project near-term climate evolution and assess societal risks. These interactions influence effective radiative forcing, cloud dynamics, and precipitation patterns, yet remain insufficiently constrained due to limitations in observations, modeling, and process understanding. This uncertainty hampers robust policy advice across multiple domains—from estimating remaining carbon budgets and climate sensitivity, to anticipating regional extreme events and evaluating climate interventions such as solar radiation modification. In many cases, the influence of ACI is either underappreciated or excluded from decision-making frameworks due to its complexity and lack of quantification. This perspective outlines a path forward to overcome these barriers by leveraging emerging opportunities in satellite remote sensing, ground-based and airborne observations, high-resolution climate modeling, and machine learning. We identify key areas where rapid progress is feasible, including improved retrievals of cloud microphysical properties, better representation of natural aerosols in a warming world, and enhanced integration of observational and modeling communities. Even as anthropogenic aerosol and its impacts on clouds is reducing owing to emissions controls, addressing ACI uncertainties remains essential for refining climate projections, supporting effective mitigation and adaptation strategies, and delivering actionable science to policymakers in a rapidly changing climate system.
2026
2026