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Using the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network observations (clustered around 60°N) and NCAR CESM2.0 extended Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model nudged with reanalyzes, we examine the climatology of semidiurnal tides in meridional wind associated with the migrating component (SW2) and non‐migrating components of wavenumbers 1 (SW1) and 3 (SW3). We then illustrate their composite response to major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs). Peaking in late summer and winter, the climatological SW2 amplitude exceeds SW1 and SW3 except around late Fall and Spring. The winter climatological peak is absent in the model perhaps due to the zonal wind bias at the observed altitudes. The observed SW2 amplitude declines after SSW onset before enhancing ∼10 days later, along with SW1 and SW3. Within the observed region, the simulated SW2 only amplifies after SSW onset, with minimal SW1 and SW3 responses. The model reveals a stronger SW2 response above the observed location, with diminished amplitude before and enhancement after SSW globally. This enhancement appears related to increased equatorial ozone heating and background wind symmetry. The strongest SW1 and SW3 growth occurs in the Southern Hemisphere before SSW. SW2 and quasi‐stationary planetary wave activities are temporally collocated during SSW suggesting that their interactions excite SW1 and SW3. After SSW, the model also reveals (1) semidiurnal‐tide‐like perturbations generated possibly by the interactions between SW2 and westward‐traveling disturbances and (2) the enhancement of migrating semidiurnal lunar tide in the Northern Hemisphere that exceeds non‐migrating tidal and semidiurnal‐tide‐like responses. The simulated eastward‐propagating semidiurnal tides are briefly examined.
2021
Links to Copernicus data and services. Status and recommendations.
This report presents available Copernicus data from both its satellite and service component. It contains a comprehensive overview of the status of use of Copernicus data and products in the work of the European Environment Agency (EEA) and provides recommendations to make better use of Copernicus information focusing on the activities of the European Topic Centre for Air pollution, Transport, Noise, and Industry pollution (ETC/ATNI). Specific recommended activities to make better use of Copernicus data involve mapping and emission activities at ETC/ATNI, trend analysis, noise, and air quality assessments as well as the development of on-line air quality services and the implementation of urban sustainability studies.
ETC/ATNI
2021
Spredningsberegninger av luftforurensning fra Årdal Metallverk
Rapporten presenterer oppdaterte spredningsberegninger for utslipp til luft fra Årdal Metallverk i Øvre Årdal. Utslippene er hentet fra utslippstillatelsen som en vurdering av «worst-case». Det er beregnet bakkekonsentrasjoner for SO2, støv og fluorider, samt metallkomponentene i utslippstillatelsen. Beregningene, som er basert på en konservativ metodikk, viser potensielt overskridelse av målsetningsverdier for nikkel og arsen i nærområdet til anlegget ved nivåene i utslippstillatelsen. Beregningene gir også fare for overskridelse for støv, men vurderingen er usikker fordi verken andelen PM2,5 og PM10 i utslippet eller bidraget fra øvrige kilder er kjent.
NILU
2021
Fluorinated polymers in a low carbon, circular and toxic-free economy. Technical report.
Fluorinated polymers are used in a variety of applications providing benefits to the society, but at the same time also causing risks of irreversible pollution and impacts on the environment and human health in different stages of the lifecycle. The main aim of the study was to provide information on impacts of fluorinated polymers along their lifecycles in a low carbon, circular and toxic-free economy, which could be relevant to consider in future assessments. An important part of the work was also to discuss options for risk governance and to identify knowledge gaps. The work was based on a literature survey of recently published reports and selected peer-reviewed articles on the topic.
The report presents the results of the work carried out by the ETC/WMGE and ETC/CME.
ETC/WMGE
2021
Residential wood combustion (RWC) is a major source of air pollutants in the Nordic and many other countries. The emissions of the pollutants have been estimated with inventories on several scopes, e.g. local and national. An important aspect of the inventories is the spatial distribution of the emissions, as it has an effect on health impact assessments. In this study, we present a novel residential wood combustion emission inventory for the Nordic countries based on national inventories and new gridding of the emissions. We compare the emissions of the Nordic inventory, and especially their spatial distribution, to local assessments and European level TNO-newRWC-inventory to assess the spatial proxies used. Common proxies used in the national inventories in the Nordic countries were building data on locations and primary heating methods and questionnaire-based wood use estimates for appliances or primary heating methods. Chimney sweeper register data was identified as good proxy data, but such data may not be available in an applicable format. Comparisons of national inventories to local assessments showed the possibility to achieve similar spatial distributions through nation-wide methods as local ones. However, this won't guarantee that the emissions are similar. Comparison to the TNO-newRWC-inventory revealed the importance of how differences between urban and rural residential wood combustion are handled. The comparison also highlighted the importance of local characteristics of residential wood combustion in the spatial distribution of emissions.
2021
This report presents VOC (volatile organic compound) measurements carried out during 2019 at EMEP monitoring sites. In total, 19 sites reported VOC-data from EMEP VOC sites this year. Some of the data-sets are considered preliminary and are not included in the report.
The monitoring of VOC has become more diverse with time in terms of instrumentation. Starting in the early 1990s with standardized methods based on manual sampling in steel canisters and adsorption tubes with subsequent analyses at the lab, the methods now consist of a variety of instruments and measurement principles, including automated continuous monitors and manual flask samples.
Within the EU infrastructure project ACTRIS, data quality issues related to measurements of VOC are an important topic. Many of the institutions providing VOC-data to EMEP are participating in the ACTRIS infrastructure project, either as formal partners or on a voluntary basis. Participation in ACTRIS means an extensive effort with data-checking including detailed discussions between the ACTRIS community and individual participants. There is no doubt that this extensive effort has benefited the EMEP-program substantially and has led to improved data quality in general.
Comparison between median levels in 2019 and the medians of the previous 10-years period, revealed similar geographical patterns as in the previous years. Changes in instrumentation, procedures and station network with time make it difficult though to provide a rigorous and pan-European assessment of long-term trends of the observed VOCs. In this report, we have estimated the trends in NMHC over the 2000-2019 period at five sites by three independent statistical methods. All three methods gave comparable estimates of the trends, although the Mann-Kendall method based on annual data (compared to daily data for the other two methods) found fewer significant trends.
These estimates indicate marked differences in the long-term trends for the individual species. Small or non-significant trends were found for ethane during 2000-2019. Propane also showed fairly small reductions. On the other hand, components linked to road traffic (ethene, ethyne and benzene) showed the strongest drop in mean concentrations, up to 60-80% at some stations.
NILU
2021
Transboundary particulate matter, photo-oxidants, acidifying and eutrophying components
Norwegian Meteorological Institute
2021
Assessing the impacts of citizen-led policies on emissions, air quality and health
Air pollution is a global challenge, and especially urban areas are particularly affected by acute episodes. Traditional approaches used to mitigate air pollution primarily consider the technical aspects of the problem but not the role of citizen behaviour and day-to-day practices. ClairCity, a Horizon 2020 funded project, created an impact assessment framework considering the role of citizen behaviour to create future scenarios, aiming to improve urban environments and the wellbeing and health of its inhabitants. This framework was applied to six pilot cases: Bristol, Amsterdam, Ljubljana, Sosnowiec, Aveiro Region and Liguria Region, considering three-time horizons: 2025, 2035 and 2050. The scenarios approach includes the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario and a Final Unified Policy Scenarios (FUPS) established by citizens, decision-makers, local planners and stakeholders based on data collected through a citizen and stakeholder co-creation process. Therefore, this paper aims to present the ClairCity outcomes, analysing the quantified impacts of selected measures in terms of emissions, air quality, population exposure, and health. Each case study has established a particular set of measures with different levels of ambition, therefore different levels of success were achieved towards the control and mitigation of their specific air pollution problems. The transport sector was the most addressed by the measures showing substantial improvements for NO2, already with the BAU scenarios, and overall, even better results when applying the citizen-led FUPS scenarios. In some cases, due to a lack of ambition for the residential and commercial sector, the results were not sufficient to fulfil the WHO guidelines. Overall, it was found in all cities that the co-created scenarios would lead to environmental improvements in terms of air quality and citizens’ health compared to the baseline year of 2015. However, in some cases, the health impacts were lower than air quality due to the implementation of the measures not affecting the most densely populated areas. Benefits from the FUPS comparing to the BAU scenario were found to be highest in Amsterdam and Bristol, with further NO2 and PM10 emission reductions around 10%–16% by 2025 and 19%–28% by 2050, compared to BAU.
2021
2021
Quality assurance and quality control procedure for national and Union GHG projections 2021
The quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedure is an element of the QA/QC programme of the Union system for policies and measures and projections to be established in 2021 according to Article 39 of the Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action (EU) 2018/1999. The European Environment Agency (EEA) is responsible for the annual implementation of the QA/QC procedures and is assisted by the European Topic Centre on Climate Change Mitigation and Energy (ETC/CME). The QA/QC procedure document describes QA/QC checks carried out at EU level on the national reported projections from Member States and on the compiled Union GHG projections. QA/QC procedures are performed at several different stages during the preparation of the national and Union GHG projections in order to aim to ensure the timeliness, transparency, accuracy, consistency, comparability and completeness of the reported information. The results of the 2021 QA/QC procedure are presented in the related paper ETC/CME Eionet Report 8/2021.
ETC/CME
2021
Effects of rocket launches in Ny-Ålesund, 2018 - 2019. Observations of snow and air samples.
The report summarizes the results from additional snow sampling and regular monitoring activities in connection to the rocket launch in Ny-Ålesund 7 Dec 2018, 26 Nov 2019 and 10 Dec 2019 to document possible impacts on environment and on the monitoring activities in Ny-Ålesund. An enhanced deposition of aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) on the local environment due to the rocket launch is observed.
NILU
2021
2021
2021
The report provides interim 2020 maps for PM10 annual average, NO2 annual average and the ozone indicator SOMO35. The maps have been produced based on non-validated Up-To-Date data reported to the AQ e-reporting database (data flow E2a), the CAMS Ensemble Forecast modelling data and other supplementary data including air quality data reported to EMEP. In addition to concentration maps, the inter-annual differences between the years 2019 and 2020 are presented (using the 2019 regular and the 2020 interim maps), as well as European exposure estimates based on the interim maps. The contribution of lockdown measures connected with the Covid-19 pandemic on the change of air pollutant concentrations during the exceptional year 2020 is briefly discussed. The decrease in road transport, aviation and international shipping intensity during the lockdown resulted in a reduction of the NOx emission, mainly in large cities and urbanized areas. Compared to 2019, a general decrease in NO2 annual average concentrations is shown for 2020, as well as a decrease in values of the ozone indicator SOMO35, apart from areas with a steep NO2 decrease. Due to the chemical processes, the decrease in NOX resulted in an ozone increase in these areas. The contribution of lockdown measures on the change of PM10 concentrations is quite complex. On the one hand, there was a decrease in emissions of suspended particles and their precursors due to decrease in transport. On the other hand, higher intensity of residential heating likely led to higher emissions of both suspended particles and their precursors.
ETC/ATNI
2021
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) annual mapping. Evaluation of its potential regular updating.
The report examines the potential regular production of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) maps at the European scale in line with the operational production of other air quality maps. Stations measuring BaP are relatively scarce at the European scale, so in order to extend the spatial coverage, so-called pseudo station data have been calculated and used together with the actual BaP measurement data. These pseudo station data are derived from PM2.5 or PM10 measurements in locations with no BaP observations.
ETC/ATNI
2021
Observational studies suggest that part of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) variability may be attributed to the spectral ultra-violet (UV) irradiance variations associated to the 11-year solar cycle. The observed maximum surface pressure response in the North Atlantic occurs 2–4 years after solar maximum, and some model studies have identified that atmosphere–ocean feedbacks explain the multi-year lag. Alternatively, medium-to-high energy electron (MEE) precipitation, which peaks in the declining phase of the solar cycle, has been suggested as a potential cause of this lag. We use a coupled (ocean–atmosphere) climate prediction model and a state-of-the-art MEE forcing to explore the respective roles of irradiance and MEE precipitation on the NAO variability. Three decadal ensemble experiments were conducted over solar cycle 23 in an idealized setting. We found a weak ensemble-mean positive NAO response to the irradiance. The simulated signal-to-noise ratio remained very small, indicating the predominance of internal NAO variability. The lack of multi-annual lag in the NAO response was likely due to lagged solar signals imprinted in temperatures below the oceanic mixed-layer re-emerging equatorward of the oceanic frontal zones, which anchor ocean–atmosphere feedbacks. While there is a clear, yet weak, signature from UV irradiance in the atmosphere and upper ocean over the North Atlantic, enhanced MEE precipitation on the other hand does not lead to any systematic changes in the stratospheric circulation, despite its marked chemical signatures.
2021
On behalf of Aluminiumindustriens Miljøsekretariat (AMS), NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research has conducted a sampling campaign in the surroundings of the Hydro Sunndal aluminium smelter in order to update the knowledge on air quality around the smelter today. Samples were taken in summer 2019 and analysed for PM2.5, PM10, metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Al, V, Ga, Sb, Bi), particle-bound PAHs, SO2, particle-bound and gaseous fluorides. As a consequence of reduced emissions compared to earlier measurements, the ambient concentrations of PM10, Cr, Pb, BaP (for PAHs), SO2 and fluorides were strongly reduced. All measured compounds had concentrations below limit values and recommended
guideline values.
NILU
2021
This report provides a summary of the quality analysis of the EU Member States’ submission under 18 (1) (b) of the Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action (EU) 2018/1999 conducted in 2021. Under this obligation EU Member States have to submit updated GHG projections and related information biennially. The reported information undergoes several phases of QA/QC checks consisting of checks on timeliness, accuracy, completeness, consistency and comparability. Details on the underlying QA/QC procedure are described in ETC/CME Eionet Report 7/2021.
ETC/CME
2021
2021
Reviews and syntheses: Arctic fire regimes and emissions in the 21st century
In recent years, the pan-Arctic region has experienced increasingly extreme fire seasons. Fires in the northern high latitudes are driven by current and future climate change, lightning, fuel conditions, and human activity. In this context, conceptualizing and parameterizing current and future Arctic fire regimes will be important for fire and land management as well as understanding current and predicting future fire emissions. The objectives of this review were driven by policy questions identified by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) Working Group and posed to its Expert Group on Short-Lived Climate Forcers. This review synthesizes current understanding of the changing Arctic and boreal fire regimes, particularly as fire activity and its response to future climate change in the pan-Arctic have consequences for Arctic Council states aiming to mitigate and adapt to climate change in the north. The conclusions from our synthesis are the following. (1) Current and future Arctic fires, and the adjacent boreal region, are driven by natural (i.e. lightning) and human-caused ignition sources, including fires caused by timber and energy extraction, prescribed burning for landscape management, and tourism activities. Little is published in the scientific literature about cultural burning by Indigenous populations across the pan-Arctic, and questions remain on the source of ignitions above 70∘ N in Arctic Russia. (2) Climate change is expected to make Arctic fires more likely by increasing the likelihood of extreme fire weather, increased lightning activity, and drier vegetative and ground fuel conditions. (3) To some extent, shifting agricultural land use and forest transitions from forest–steppe to steppe, tundra to taiga, and coniferous to deciduous in a warmer climate may increase and decrease open biomass burning, depending on land use in addition to climate-driven biome shifts. However, at the country and landscape scales, these relationships are not well established. (4) Current black carbon and PM2.5 emissions from wildfires above 50 and 65∘ N are larger than emissions from the anthropogenic sectors of residential combustion, transportation, and flaring. Wildfire emissions have increased from 2010 to 2020, particularly above 60∘ N, with 56 % of black carbon emissions above 65∘ N in 2020 attributed to open biomass burning – indicating how extreme the 2020 wildfire season was and how severe future Arctic wildfire seasons can potentially be. (5) What works in the boreal zones to prevent and fight wildfires may not work in the Arctic. Fire management will need to adapt to a changing climate, economic development, the Indigenous and local communities, and fragile northern ecosystems, including permafrost and peatlands. (6) Factors contributing to the uncertainty of predicting and quantifying future Arctic fire regimes include underestimation of Arctic fires by satellite systems, lack of agreement between Earth observations and official statistics, and still needed refinements of location, conditions, and previous fire return intervals on peat and permafrost landscapes. This review highlights that much research is needed in order to understand the local and regional impacts of the changing Arctic fire regime on emissions and the global climate, ecosystems, and pan-Arctic communities.
2021